pharm

Angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)

Indications: Hypertension, congestive heart failure, heart attacks
Adverse Drug Effects: Angioedema, dry and unproductive cough, hypotension.
Suffix: -Pril

Enalapril

Brand: Vasotec
Class: ACE inhibitor

Lisinopril

brand: Prinivil, Zestril
class: ACE Inhibitor

Ramipril

Brand: Altace
Class: ACE Inhibitor

Which medication classification has suffix -pril?

ACE Inhibitors

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB's)

Indicators: hypertension, congestive heart failure, hear attack
Adverse Drug reactions: dry cough, angiodema, fatigue
Suffix: -sartan

Irbesartan

Brand: Avapro, avalide
class: ARB's

Losartan

Brand: cozaar, hyzaar
Class: ARB's

Olmesartan

Brand: Benicar
Class: ARB's

Anticoagulants

Indications: known as blood thinners, help with blood clots
Adverse Drug Reaction: bleeding, bruising, fatigue
Precautions: Avoid green-leafy vegetables contain vitamin K.2

Apixaban

Brand: Eliquis
Class: Anticoagulant

Dabigatran

Brand: Pradaxa
Class: Anticoagulant

Heparin

Class: Anticoagulants

Rivaroxaban

Brand: Xarelto
Class: Anticoagulant

Warfarin

Brand: Janotoven, Coumadin
Class: Anticoagulant
- Discontinued 2020
-Antidote to reverse effects of warfarin is vitamin k
- narrow therapeutic index

Antiplatelet Agents

Indications: Prevents platelets from sticking together, reduces risk of hart attack, stroke, or angina (chest pain)
Adverse Drug Reactions: bleeding, bruising, stomach irritation

Clopidogrel

Brand: Plavix
Class: Antiplatelet
Precautions: BEERS

Prasugrel

Brand: Effient
Class: antiplatelet

Beta Blockers

Indications: hypertension, angina, heart attack, arrhythmia
Adverse Drug Reactions: fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia
Common Suffix: -o/lol

Atenolol

Brand: Tenormin
Class: Beta Blockers

Bisoprolol

Brand: Zebeta
Class: Beta Blocker

Metoprolol

Brand: Lopressor
Class: Beta blocker

Carvedilol

Brand: Coreg
Class: Beta Blocker

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB's)

Indication: hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, to lower blood pressure
Adverse Drug Reaction: drowsiness, headache, constipation, nausea
Common suffix: -dipine

Amlodipine

Brand: Norvasc
Class: Calcium Channel Blocker

Cholesterol Lowering Drugs

Indications: hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia (too many fats in blood), reduce risk of heart attack and strokes, reduce angina
Adverse Effects: headache, dizziness, muscle pain, numbness, upset stomach
Subtypes: Fibric Acid, HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

Fenofibrate

Brand: Tricor
Class: Cholesterol Lowering (Fibric Acid)

Gemfibrozil

Brand: Lopid
Class: Cholesterol Lowering (Fibric Acid)

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Cholesterol Lowering Drug
Adverse Effects: muscle aches and pains, elevation of liver enzymes, and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in at-risk patients
-statin suffix

Atorvastatin

Brand: Lipitor
Class: Cholesterol Lowering (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor)
Schedule: NCLM
Interactions: Grapefruit may cause some issues

Prevastatin

Brand: Pravachol
Class: Cholesterol Lowering (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor)

Rosuvastatin

Brand: Crestor
Class: Cholesterol Lowering (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor)
Schedule: NCLM

Simvastatin

Brand: Zocor
Class: Cholesterol Lowering (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor)
Interactions: Grapefruit may cause some problems

Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Esters

Brand: Lovaza
Class: Cholesterol lowering (Omega-3 Fatty Acids)
Schedule: NCLM

Ezetimibe

Brand: Zetia
Class: Cholesterol Lowering

Niacin

Brand: Niaspan
Class: Cholesterol Lowering

Pure Food and Drug Act 1906

Prohibits interstate commerce of misbranded and adulterated drugs and foods
Adulterated: Fails to meet quality, strength, or purity standards

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)

- Requires drug manufacturers to provide the FDA with evidence of safety by submitting an NDA (new drug application) before marketing them.
- Act was created by FDA
- If the FDA doesn't take action within 60 days, the drug is automatically approved (BUT the Kefauver-Harris Amendment later invalidated this)

Durham-Humphrey Amendment 1951

- Defines LEGEND drugs (prescription only) and OTC medications
- Legend drug labels must indicate " CAUTION: FEDERAL LAW PROHIBITS DISPENSING WITHOUT A PRESCRIPTION"

Kefauver-Harris Amendment 1962

- Established framework that requires manufacturers to SCIENTIFICALLY PROVE that a medication is safe and effective

Controlled Substance Act (CSA) 1970

- Federal drug policy that regulates the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of controlled substances: certain narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids.
- Clasified drugs into FIVE SCHEDULES

Schedule I

- C-1 drugs have HIGH potential for ABUSE and physical/psychological DEPENDENCE
- NO accepted MEDICAL USE and are considered ILLICIT drugs
- Heroin & Marijuana

Schedule II

- C-II drugs have HIGH potential for ABUSE and physical/psychological DEPENDENCE
- More regulations on prescribing, distribution, and dispensing
- Most narcotics & stimulants such as: codeine (single ingredient), morphine, oxycodone, amphetamine, mehtylphenidate

Antinausea/ antiemetic

Indication: nausea, vomiting, motion sickness
Adverse Drug Reactions: Drowsiness, diarrhea

Metoclopramide

Brand: Reglan
Class: Antinausea / Antiemetic

Ondansetron

Brand: Zofran
Class: Antinausea / Antiemetic
Interactions: Tramdol

Granisetron

Brand: Kytril, Sancuso
Class: Antinausea/antiemetic

Hydroxyzine

Brand: Atarax, Vistaril
Class: H1RA, Anti-Histamine
Indication: Allergies
Schedule: NCLM

Promethazine

Brand: Phenegran
Class: Antihistamine first gen, antinausea
Precaution: HIGH-ALERT

H2 Receptor Antagonists

Indications: GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), PUD (peptic ulcer disease)
Adverse Effects: Dizziness, constipation

Ranitidine

Brand: Zantac
Class: H2 Recceptor Antagonist
Schedule: NCLM

Famotidine

Brand: Pepcid
Class: H2 Receptor Antagonist

Senna

Brand: Ex-Lax, SennaLax
Class: Laxative

Constulose

Brand: Lactulose
Class Laxative

Schedule III

- C-III MODERATE to LOW potential for physical dependence but a high potential for psychological dependence.
- Anabolic steroids, buprenorphine, and certain codeine fixed-combination products.

Schedule IV

- C-IV have LOW potential for abuse and dependence. However, they could still lead to addiction and have dangerous effects.
- Benzodiapines (alprazolam), some muscle relaxants (carisoprodol), tramadol, and zolpidem

Schedule V

- C-V have LOW potential for abuse
- Antidiarrheals (atropine/diphenoxylate) & antitussives (guaifenesin/codeine)

How long do prescriptions last for non-controlled substances?

A year after the date issued

When federal and state laws are different, pharmacies are expected to follow which law?

the most stringent law

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI)

Indications: GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), Acid reflux, Erosive esophagitis (inflammation), treatment of H.Pylori.
Adverse Effects: abdominal pain, diarrhea
Suffix: -PRAZOLE

Esomeprazole

Brand: Nexium
Class: PPI
Indication: Acid-Reflux/GERD
Schedule: NCLM

Lanzoprazole

Brand Name: Prevacid
Class: Proton pump inhibitor

Omeprazole

Brand: Prilosec
Class: PPI
Interactions: Do not take with digoxin. Avoid taking with clopidogrel.

Rabeprazole

Brand: Aciphex
Class: proton pump inhibitor

Insulin

Indication: Can be used for both Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes
Adverse Effects: pain/irritation at injection site, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

Insulin Aspart

Brand: Novolog, NovoPen
Class: Rapid Acting Insulin
Duration: 3-5 hours

Insulin lispro

Brand: Humalog, HumaPen
Class: Rapid Acting Insulin
Duration: 3-4 hours

mg

milligram

mcg

micrograms

g

gram

kg

kilogram

1 mg \= \_____mcg

1000

1 mg \= ? gm

0.001

1 kg \= \_____ g

1000

1000 mg \= \_____ g

1

1 kg \= \____ lbs

2.2 lbs

110 lbs \= \____ kg

50 kg

1 mL \= \____ units

100 units

1 oz \= \____ mL

30 mL

1 tablespoon \= ? teaspoons

3

1 fluid ounce \= ? tablespoons

2

fl. oz

fluid ounce

1 cup \= ? fluid ounces

8

1 pint \= ? cups

2

1 quart \= ? pints

2

1 gallon \= ? quarts

4

tsp

teaspoons

tbsp

tablespoon

1 tsp \= ? mL

5

1 tbsp \= ? mL

15

1 fl. oz \= ? mL

30

1 cup \= ? mL

240 mL

1 mL \= ? drops

20

gtt

drop

PO

by mouth

PR

rectally

AU

both ears

AS

Left ear

AD

right ear

OU

both eyes