Geography

What is the formula for population density?

Population Density = Total Population ÷ Land Area (km²)

What is population distribution?

How people are spread across an area.

Densely vs sparsely populated?

Densely = many people per km²; Sparsely = few people per km².

What is birth rate?

Number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

What is natural increase?

Birth rate – Death rate.

What is migration?

Movement of people from one place to another.

What are push factors?

Reasons to leave an area (e.g. war, no jobs).

What are pull factors?

Reasons to move to an area (e.g. jobs, safety).

What is arable farming?

Farming crops only.

What is pastoral farming?

Farming animals only.

What is subsistence farming?

Farming to feed the farmer’s family only.

What is commercial farming?

Farming to sell for profit.

Physical factors affecting farming?

Climate, fertile soil, flat land.

Human factors affecting farming?

Technology, transport, government support.

What is irrigation?

Artificial watering of land.

What is the Green Revolution?

Use of high-yield crops, fertilizers, machinery to increase food production.

What are the 3 plate boundary types?

Convergent, Divergent, Transform.

What happens at convergent boundaries?

Plates move together → volcanoes, fold mountains.

What is the focus of an earthquake?

Point underground where the earthquake starts.

What is the epicentre of an earthquake?

Point on the surface directly above the focus.

What is a seismograph?

A machine that records earthquake waves.

What is a drainage basin?

Area drained by a river and its tributaries.

What is a watershed?

Boundary between two drainage basins.

4 river erosion processes (HAAS)?

Hydraulic action, Abrasion, Attrition, Solution.

4 river transport processes (STBS)?

Solution, Traction, Saltation, Suspension.

Upper course landforms?

V-shaped valleys, waterfalls.

Lower course landforms?

Floodplains, deltas.

What is an energy mix?

Combination of energy sources a country uses.

What is the energy gap?

Difference between energy demand and supply.

2 renewable energy sources?

Solar, wind, HEP, geothermal, biomass.

2 non-renewable energy sources?

Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear.

What is sustainability?

Using resources without harming future generations.

Advantage & disadvantage of renewable energy?

✅ Clean, sustainable ❌ Expensive, weather-dependent.

Advantage & disadvantage of fossil fuels?

✅ Cheap, reliable ❌ Polluting, will run out.

What happens at a divergent plate boundaries 

Plates move away from each other 

Transform plate boundaries

Plates slide horizontally against each other