Boards part 1 Microbiology

antitoxin

antibody that counteracts a toxin

toxoid

inactivated toxin

endotoxin

lipid portion of lipopolysaccharides that are part of the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria

endotoxin are found in

gram - bacteria

exotoxin are found in

gram + bacteria

enterotoxin

protein or polypeptide exotoxin produced by bacteria than target intestine and digestive system

example of enterotoxin

Vibrio cholerae

vector

a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal

fomite

inanimate object transmits an infectious agent

hapten

substance that can combine with a specific antibody but lacks antigenicity of its own

interferon

group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to viral infections

Opsonin

bind to foreign microorganisms or cells making them more susceptible to phagocytosis

Prion

acellular protein that denatures other proteins

antigen

foreign substance that enters the body

antibody

protein produced by the immune system to attack and fight off antigens

"secretory" antibody or "mucosal" antibody, found in mucous membranes (saliva, tears, breast, milk, gut

IgA

Released in response to parasitic infections and allergic reactions (type 1 hypersensitivity)

IgE

first antibody to increase with first/primary exposure. largest and heaviest

IgM

First antibody to increase with second exposure. most numerous and crosses the placenta

IgG

interleukins

interleukins are chemicals produced by immune cells

function of interleukins

modulate proliferation, activation, maturation, and differentiation of immune cells during inflammatory and immune response

IL1

alert, made by macrophages and first line of defense

IL2

made by T lymphocytes

-organize

IL3

made by stem cells

(bone marrow)

T lymphocytes differentiate into

Helper T cells CD 4and Cytotoxic T cells CD8

major histocompatibility complex

group of genes that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.

-act as a post on the surface of a protein

-recognizing self vs not self

MHC 1

found on all nucleated cells

T cells recognize MHC 1

MHC II

molecules restricted ti the immune system called macrophages and lymphocytes

-B cells recognize MHC I and II

phagocystosis

process to eliminate foreign particles

start complement

C3b

terminal complement

C9

active immunity

body makes its own antibodies

passive immunity

body is given antibodies

body is exposed to a disease and makes antibodies against disease

ex: measles, chicken pox, covid

Natural active immunity

body is injected with an attenuated organism

Ex: MMR vaccine, DPT vaccine

artificial active immunity

body is given antibodies in utero or through breastfeeding

Ex: IgG

natural passive immunity

body is injected with performed antibodies

Ex: Tetanus antitoxin

artificial passive immunity

Inactivated vaccines

use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease

ex: rabies

salk vaccine

Toxoid vaccines

uses a toxin made by the germ that causes a disease

EX: tetanus

botulism

DTaP

Live attenuated vaccines

use a weakened form of the germ that causes a disease

EX: measles

sabin vaccine

tuberculosis

Type 1 hypersensitivity

IgE mediated hypersensitivity

Ex: Allergies

ex: bronchial asthma

bee sting

hay fever

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

-Cytotoxic

-IgG antigen + antibody

-EX: Good pasteur disease

erythroblastosis fetalis

blood transfusions

myasthenia gravis

Graves disease

Type III hypersensitivity reaction

-Immune-Complex Reaction

-IgG

antigen +antibody+complement

-Ex: Systemic lupus erythematosus, acute glomerulonephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

-Delayed hypersensitivity reactions

T cell, lymphocytes

-Ex: transplant rejection, tubercular caseous necrosis, contact dermatitis.

acid fast stain detects

(tuberculosis, leprosy)Mycobacterium

ASO titer

blood test to detect strep pyognes

Blood Agar

growth medium to detect and differentitiate hemolytic bacteria

Catalaseis a test to differentiate

+Staphylococcus from -streptococcus

Chocolate agar

growth medium to detect fastidious organisms aka thayer Martin Agar

coagulase is a test to differetiate

staph aureus from other staph species

coliform tests for

test for water bacterial contamination specifically E.Coli

Coombs is a blood test to detect

antibodies against red blood cells, blood related conditions

Dick test

skin test to determine susceptibility of scarlet fever

Elisa test

blood test to detect HIV

-need western blot to confirm

giemsa stain detetcts

protozoa

gram stain detects

gram positive or pram negative

6 gram+ bacteria

bacillus

listeria monocytogens

clostridium

corynebacteria diptheria

staph aureus

strep....

HLA B27

blood test to detect the protein human leukocyte antigen B27

Hektoen Agar

differentiates shigella and salmonella

MacConkey Agar

differentiate lactose+ and lactose-

Mannitol Salt Agar

detect staphylococcus organisms

Sabouraud agar

detect fungi

schick test

test for diphtheria

Schultz Charlton test

Diagnostic test for scarlet fever

weil felix

Test for rickettsiae except coxiella burnetii

western blot

blood test to diagnose to confirm positive HIV and lyme disease

Tzanck smear

suspected herpes lesions are examined for multinucleate giant cells with characteristic appearance

lab tests and stains for syphylis

kline test

wasserman reaction

VDRL test

Darkfield microscopy

lab tests and stains for Tuberculosis

Mantoux test

Ziehl Nielson staining

ghon lesions

labs and stains for mononucleosis caused by epstein barr virus

Heterophile antibody aka monospot, paul Bunnel

Blood smear

downey cells= inclusion bodies

aschoff bodies

rheumatic fever

babes ernst granules

diptheria

downey cells

mononucleosis

Ghon lesions

TB

guarnieri bodies

smallpox

Gumma spots/lesions

tertiary syphilis

koplik spots

measles

Lipofuscin

old age pigment

browns atrophy

lewy bodies

Parkinson's disease

mallory bodies

alcohol induced hepatitis

negri bodies

rabies

Reed-Sternberg cells

Hodgkin's lymphoma

russel bodies

Multiple myeloma

etiology

cause of disease

incidence

number of new cases

prevalence

number of existing cases; total number of cases of a disease

emerging

new disease or rapid increase of a disease in incidence

endemic

ampount of a particulkar disease that is usually present in a community

epidemic

increase in number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in a specific area

pandemic

an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents and affects many people

CDC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

HHS

Department of Health and Human Services

NIH

National Institutes of Health

USDA

U.S. Department of Agriculture

case control

compare people with and without disease to find common exposures

cohort study

A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed individuals (individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease

double blind study

clinical trial in which neither participant not researcher know which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the trial is over

-gold standard

retrospective study

looks backwards