Art History Exam (Lectures 1-6)
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79 Terms
Definition of Mastaba?
An ancient Egyptian tomb structure, characterized by a rectangular, flat-roofed, mud-brick building with sloping sides, derived from the arabic word “bench”
Definition of Step-pyramid or pyramid?
Monumental architectural structure composed of multiple, progressively smaller, stacked levels of terraces forming a pyramidal shape-serves as a tomb and a symbol of royal power
Definition of Hieratic Scale?
A technique where the size of figures in a composition is directly related to their relative importance, with a more significant individuals depicted as larger than those of lesser rank
Definition of Papyrus?
Paper-like material, formed from a plant and is used as a surface of creating art and writing thousands of years- ancient egyptian
Definition of Naturalism (naturalistic art)?
Style that emphasizes the accurate, objective, and lifelike depiction of subjects as they appear in nature, faithful representation of reality and appearance-shows flaws and harsh realities
Definition of Relief sculpture?
Three-dimensional artwork carved or modeled from a flat background surface, with figures and designs projecting from the background but still attached to it
Definition of sculpture ‘in the round’?
A fully three-dimensional, freestanding artwork that is not attached to a background and can be viewed from multiple or all sides
Definition of Contrapposto?
A technique where a human figure is positioned with most of its weight on one leg, causing a natural, asymmetrical twist of the hips and shoulders and a slight curve in the body, creating a sense of movement and realism
Definition of Black-figure pottery?
An ancient Greek pottery technique where figures and decorative elements are painted in a black slip on the natural red clay of the vase
Definition of Red-figure pottery?
An ancient Greek vase painting technique, that creates red figures against a black background
Definition of Foreshortening?
An art technique used to create the illusion of depth and three-dimensional space on a flat surface by depicting an object or figure as compressed or distorted when it receded into the distance or extends towards the viewer
Definition of Concrete?
Roman building material
Definition of Barrel vault?
Simple, continuous arch that creates a semi-cylindrical or tunnel-like shape, like a series of arches placed side-by-side- Ancient Romans
Definition of Groin vault?
Architectural structure formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults at right angle
Definition of Fresco?
A technique of mural painting on wet plaster, allowing the colors to bind to the wall as it dries, creating a durable, integral part of the wall itself
Definition of Veristic ?
A style of ancient Roman art, that features hyper-realistic, truthful depictions of individuals, emphasizing features like wrinkles and baldness to convey wisdom, experience, and authority
Definition of Basilica?
Type of rectangular building that Christians borrowed from the ancient Romans- it has an apse, central nave, side aisles
Definition of Apse?
Semicircular part where the altar would be placed, is usually found at the end of the church’s nave
Definition of Pendentive?
An architectural feature that allows a circular dome to be placed over a square or rectangular room; Byzantine architecture allowing for larger and more stable domes; Hagia Sophia; helps distribute the weight of the dome evenly down into supporting piers or columns at the building’s corners
Definition of Icon?
A sacred image or painting representing a holy figure or event used for worshipping or religious purpose- The Icon of the Virgin and Child between Saints Theodore and George
Definition of Iconoclasm?
Refers to recurring historical impulse to break or destroy images for religious or political reasons
Definition of Illuminated manuscript?
A handwritten book that has been decorated with gold, silver and colorful pigments
Definition of Mosque?
Muslim gathering place for prayer, although some mosques may differ in style and decoration, common features are Sahn (courtyard), Mihrab (Niche), Minaret (tower), Qubba (dome), geometric patterns (or florarl motifs or flowing patterns) instead of figural imagery
Definition of Minaret?
A tower adjacent or attached to a mosque, it serves as a powerful visual reminder of the presence of Islam
Definition of Mihrab?
A niche in the wall of a mosque that Indicates the direction of Mecca, towards which all Muslims face during prayer
Definition of Qu’ran?
The sacred text of Islam, believed to be the word of God (Allah) as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel, it has exquisite calligraphy and manuscript illumination that defines Islamic art
Definition of Süleyman “the Magnificent”?
During his reign, development occurred in every field of art- especially in calligraphy, textiles, and ceramics; He also designed hundreds of buildings across the Ottoman empire; He commissioned for the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul
Definition of Iznik Tiles?
ceramic tiles with brilliant colors and intricate floral and geometric designs, produced during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent, used for mosques
Definition of Reliquary?
Container holding the remains of a saint or holy person
Definition of Pilgrimage?
Spiritual journey taken by believers to visit sites, shrines or relics that hold religious significance-it influenced the construction of churches and cathedrals- led to the development of the cruciform plan in churches- helped regulate the flow of traffic throughout the church
Definition of Romanesque?
architecture that is based on elements such as the rounded Roman arch, drum-like columns, barrel and groin vaults, thick walls - Sainte-Foy
Definition of Gothic?
architecture style that consists of the pointed arch (relieved some of the thrust, it then became possible to reduce the size of the columns or piers that support the arch- so instead of having massive drum-like columns, the new columns can be slender), Ribbed vaulting, instead of massive walls the weight was supported by flying buttresses
Definition of Ribbed vaults?
A type of vault in which stone ribs form the framework of the ceiling by forming a web, distributing the ceiling’s weight more efficiently, allowing for higher and more open interiors- Notre dame de paris
Definition of Flying buttress?
Arched support structure built outside a church to help carry the weight of its tall stone walls- allows for higher walls and vibrant glass mosaics that give the sense of heaven on earth- Notre-Dame de paris
Artist: N/A
Title: Palette of Narmer
Medium: Slate/ Stone
Date: ca. 2950 BCE (early dynastic period)
Culture: Hierakonopolis, Egypt
Artist: N/A
Title: Step Pyramid of Djoser
Medium: Limestone
Date: ca. 2650 BCE (Old kingdom)
Culture: Saqqara, Egypt
Artist: N/A
Title: Pyramid of Khufu (Great Pyramid)
Medium: Limestone
Date: ca. 2550 BCE (Old kingdom)
Culture: Giza, Egypt
Artist: N/A
Title: Kafre Enthroned
Medium: Anorthosite gneiss (a hard, volcanic stone)
Date: ca. 2550 BCE (Old kingdom)
Culture: Giza, Egypt
Artist: N/A
Title: Menkaure and Queen
Medium: Greywacke (another hard, volcanic stone)
Date: ca. 2475 BCE (Old kingdom)
Culture: Giza, Egypt
Artist: N/A
Title: Last Judgment of Hunefer, Book of the Dead
Medium: Papyrus Scroll
Date: ca. 1275 BCE (New Kingdom)
Culture: N/A (Egypt?)
Artist: N/A
Title: The “New York Kouros”
Medium: Limestone statue
Date: ca. 600 BCE (Archaic Period)
Culture: Athens, Greece
Artist: N/A
Title: “Kritios Boy”
Medium: Marble kouros statue
Date: ca. 480 BCE (Early Classical Period)
Culture: Athens
Artist: Polykleitos
Title: Doryphoros (Spear-Bearer)
Medium: Roman marble copy of a High Classical Period bronze statue
Date: ca. 450-440 BCE
Culture: Roman
Artist: Praxiteles
Title: Aphrodite of Knidos
Medium: Marble
Date: c.350 BCE (Late Classical Period)
Culture: Roman, Knidos
Artist: N/A
Title: Nike of Samothrace
Medium: Marble sculpture of the goddess of Victory
Date: c. 190 BCE (Hellenistic Period)
Culture: Greece
Artist: Exekias
Title: Achilles and Ajax playing dice
Medium: Athenian black-figure amphora
Date: ca. 540 BCE (Archaic Period)
Culture: Athens
Artist: Euthymides
Title: Three Revelers
Medium: Athenian red-figure amphora
Date: ca. 510 BCE (Archaic Period)
Culture: Athens
Artist: Iktinos and Kallikrates, Head: Phidias
Title: The Parthenon (temple of Athena Parthenos)
Medium: Marble
Date: 447-438 BCE (High Classical Period)
Culture: Athens
Artist: N/A
Title: The temple of Portunus
Medium: Travertine, tufa, and concrete
Date: ca. 100 BCE
Culture: Rome
Artist: N/A
Title: The Pantheon
Medium: Concrete, brick, and marble
Date: 118-125 CE
Culture: Rome
Artist: N/A
Title: The “Tivoli General” - Portrait of a Roman nobleman from Tivoli (outside of Rome)
Medium: Marble
Date: ca. 75-50 BC
Culture: Rome
Artist: N/A
Title: Portrait of Augustus as a general (the “Primaporta Augustus”), from Primaporta
Medium: Marble
Date: ca. 10 CE
Culture: Italy (near Rome)
Artist: N/A
Title: Panel showing Tellus (Earth-goddess) surrounded by symbols of peace and plenty,
Medium: Marble relief-sculpture
Date: ca. 13-9 BCE
Culture: From the east side of the Ara Pacis; Rome
Artist: N/A
Title: Second Style wall-painting from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, Italy
Medium: Fresco
Date: ca. 50-40 BCE
Culture: Italy, Rome
Artist: N/A
Title: The “Ixion Room” at the House of the Vettii at Pompeii
Medium: Fresco; fourth style wall painting
Date: c. 70-79 CE
Culture: Italy, Rome
Artist: N/A
Title: Decursio relief
Medium: Marble; Relief-sculpture from the pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius
Date: ca. 161 CE
Culture: Rome
Artist: N/A
Title: Portraits of the four Tetrarchs, from Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey)
Medium: Porphyry
Date: ca. 305 CE
Culture: Rome
Artist: N/A
Title: St. Peter’s Basilica- sponsored by the emperor Constantine I (‘the Great’)
Medium: Stone and timber
Date: ca. 320-340 CE
Culture: Rome
Artist: N/A
Title: Apse mosaic of Justinian and Archbishop Maximian
Medium: Mosaic
Date: ca. 547
Culture: Byzantine
Artist: Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
Title: Hagia Sophia
Medium: Stone, marble and brick
Date: ca. 532-537
Culture: Byznatine
Artist: N/A
Title: Icon of Virgin and Child between Saints Theodore and George
Medium: Encaustic on Wood
Date: ca. 600
Culture: Byzantine
Artist: N/A
Title: Rebecca and Eleazer at the well, from Vienna Genesis
Medium: Ink and tempera on purple vellum
Date: c. 500 CE
Culture: Byzantine
Artist: N/A (bishop of Lindisfarne)
Title: Cross-inscribed carpet page, from the Lindisfarne Gospels
Medium: Ink and tempera on vellum
Date: ca. 700 AD
Culture: N/A
Artist: N/A
Title: Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo Ship burial in Suffolk, England
Medium: Gold, glass and cloisonné garnets
Date: ca. 625
Culture: Anglo Saxon art
Artist: N/A
Title: Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne
Medium: Stone, marble, bronze, gold, porphyry
Date: ca. 800 AD
Culture: Rome or Byzantine
Artist: Caliph Abd al-Malik
Title: The Dome of the Rock
Medium: Built mostly of stone, interior decorated in mosaic
Date: 687-692
Culture: Byzantine or Islamic?
Artist: Dome over the maqsura built by Al-Hakam II
Title: Great Mosque
Medium: Built of stone and brick, with mosaic decoration in some areas
Date: Begun ca. 786; Dome over the maqsura built by 962-96
Culture: Islamic or Byzantine?
Artist: Master illuminator: Abu Bakr (aka Sandal)
Title: Carpet pages from Sultan Baybars’ Qur’an
Medium: Ink, paint, and gold on vellum
Date: 1304
Culture: Mamluk illumination style
Artist: N/A
Title: The Pyxis of al-Mughira
Medium: Ivory
Date: 968
Culture: Islamic art
Artist: N/A
Title: Spherical Hanging Ornament
Medium: Ceramic (fritware), Iznik
Date: 1575-1585
Culture: Ottoman art
Artist: Mimar Sinan
Title: Rüstem Pasha Mosque
Medium: Iznik tiles in Rüstem Pasha Mosque
Date: 1561-63
Culture: Ottoman mosque
Artist: N/A
Title: The abbey church of Sainte Foy (Saint Faith) at Conques
Medium: Stone
Date: c. 1051-1120
Culture: French Romanesque art
Artist: N/A
Title: Reliquary statue of Sainte-Foy (Saint Faith), from the abbey church at Conques
Medium: Gold, silver gilt, jewels, and cameos over a wooden core
Date: 10th century
Culture: Romanesque?
Artist: N/A
Title: Gold reliquary pendant showing Queen Margaret of Sicily blessed by Bishop Reginald of Bath
Medium: Gold
Date: c. 1174-77
Culture: Romanesque
Artist: Nicholas of Verdun
Title: Three Kings’ Shrine reliquary, Cologne Cathedral
Medium: Gold, enamel, semiprecious stones
Date: c. 1225
Culture: Romanesque
Artist: Abbot Suger
Title: Abbey church of Saint-Denis
Medium: Stone, stained glass
Date: 1140-45
Culture: Gothic architecture
Artist: N/A
Title: Cathedral of Notre Dame (“Our Lady”)
Medium: Lutetian limestone and wood
Date: Begun in 1163
Culture: Gothic architecture
Artist: N/A
Title: Jamb-figure of St. Theodore from the south portal of Chartres Cathedral
Medium: Limestone
Date: c. 1230
Culture: Gothic
Artist: N/A
Title: Stained glass window from Sainte-Chapelle, showing the coronation of a king
Medium: Stained glass window
Date: c. 1243-1248
Culture: Gothic
Note 
Flashcards (334)