APUSH Period 8

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 5 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/101

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

102 Terms

1
New cards
Taft-Hartley Act
(HT) 1947, , The Act was passed over the veto of Harry S. Truman on the 23rd June, 1947. When it was passed by Congress, Truman denounced it as a "slave-labor bill". The act declared the closed shop illegal and permitted the union shop only after a vote of a majority of the employees. It also forbade jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts. Other aspects of the legislation included the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wished to. The act forbade unions from contributing to political campaigns and required union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party. This aspect of the act was upheld by the Supreme Court on 8th May, 1950.
2
New cards
Sunbelt
A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades, partly fueled by a surge in retiring baby boomers who migrate domestically, as well as the influx of immigrants, both legal and illegal.
3
New cards
After WWII, populations began moving to the Southeast, Southwest, and California; Rustbelt and Frostbelt struggled.
4
New cards
Levittown
In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.
5
New cards
"white flight"
Tendency of wealthy and middle-class whites to migrate to suburban areas outside of cities in order to escape the poverty, pollution, and crime of minority-dominant inner-city areas.
6
New cards
Benjamin Spock
Author of The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, who advised parents to foster in their children qualities and skills that would enhance their chances in what Riesman called the "popularity market."
7
New cards
Baby boomers
The 78 million people born during the baby boom, following World War II and lasting until the early 1960s
8
New cards
Operation Wetback
Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico.
9
New cards
Federal Highway Act of 1956
This act, an accomplishment of the Eisenhower administration, authorized $25 billion for a ten- year project that built over 40,000 miles of interstate highways. This was the largest public works project in American history.
10
New cards
Harry S Truman
The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.
11
New cards
Truman Doctrine
1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey
12
New cards
George F. Kennan
an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers. He anonymously published Foreign Affairs in 1947 which outlined his ideas of containment
13
New cards
iron curtain
A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The Iron Curtain isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world. Its most poignant symbol was the Berlin Wall.
14
New cards
A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
15
New cards
"containment doctrine"
a foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its enroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if neccesary.
16
New cards
Marshall Plan
A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.
17
New cards
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence.
18
New cards
Douglas MacArthur
(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.
19
New cards
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war.
20
New cards
post-war
When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, much of Germany was in ruins and it had no functioning government. The victorious Allies needed to establish a system to govern Germany and rebuild the nation. The Allies had thought ahead to the end of the war and had begun to plan for Germany's future even before fighting ceased. At the Potsdam Conference, they agreed on several major issues. First, the Allies agreed to temporarily divide Germany into four zones of occupation. The Soviet Union would control about one-third of the country. The remaining two-thirds would be divided into three zones, to be controlled by the United States, France, and Great Britain. Second, the Allies also divided the German capital, Berlin. Though this city lay deep within the Soviet-controlled region of Germany, it was divided into four zones of occupation. Third, the Allies worked together to establish a plan to rid Germany of any remnants of the Nazi Party and Nazi beliefs, in part by bringing former Nazi and military leaders to justice for crimes committed during the war. First, the Allies agreed to temporarily divide Germany into four zones of occupation. The Soviet Union would control about one-third of the country. The remaining two-thirds would be divided into three zones, to be controlled by the United States, France, and Great Britain. Second, the Allies also divided the German capital, Berlin. Though this city lay deep within the Soviet-controlled region of Germany, it was divided into four zones of occupation. Third, the Allies worked together to establish a plan to rid Germany of any remnants of the Nazi Party and Nazi beliefs, in part by bringing former Nazi and military leaders to justice for crimes committed during the war.
21
New cards
Nuremberg trials
A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.
22
New cards
Cold War
(HT) 1946-1988, Churchill said it was a "iron curtain" between eastern and western Europe, A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years, US against Communism (containment)
23
New cards
U.N. Security Council
a body of 5 great powers (which can veto resolutions) and 10 rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces
24
New cards
Berlin airlift
Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city
25
New cards
HUAC
The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda.
26
New cards
House Un-American Activities Committee- accused people of being communists and "blacklisted" them.
27
New cards
Joseph McCarthy
1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists
28
New cards
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Communists who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union
29
New cards
espionage
the systematic use of spies to get military or political secrets
30
New cards
Richard M. Nixon
37th President of the United States (1969-1974) and the only president to resign the office. He initially escalated the Vietnam War, overseeing secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. Watergate Scandal.
31
New cards
House Committee on Un-American Activities
An investigative committee of the House of Representatives. It was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties.
32
New cards
Ho Chi Minh
1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable.
33
New cards
geurilla warfare
small bands of fighters stage hit-and-run attacks against a larger power
34
New cards
Nikita Khrushchev
A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.
35
New cards
"massive retaliation"
36
New cards
"rocket (Sputnik) fever"
The US was desperate to get into space because the soviet union had done so before the US. Billions of dollars were put into the new NASA program in hopes to catch up and excede Russina technology
37
New cards
U-2 incident
The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.
38
New cards
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba
39
New cards
flexible response
40
New cards
New Frontier
41
New cards
Peace Corps
42
New cards
Bay of Pigs
43
New cards
Cuban Missile Crisis
44
New cards
Robert Kennedy
45
New cards
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
46
New cards
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional
47
New cards
SNCC
(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement
48
New cards
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
49
New cards
Rosa Parks
50
New cards
Martin Luther King
51
New cards
Central High School
52
New cards
James Meredith
53
New cards
Freedom Riders
54
New cards
Medgar Evers
55
New cards
March on Washington
56
New cards
Civil Rights Act of 1964
57
New cards
Voting Rights Act of 1965
58
New cards
Malcolm X
59
New cards
Nation of Islam
60
New cards
Black Panther Party
61
New cards
Black Power movement
62
New cards
Lyndon B. Johnson
63
New cards
Barry Goldwater
64
New cards
Great Society
65
New cards
War on Poverty
66
New cards
Eugene McCarthy
67
New cards
Hubert Humphrey
68
New cards
Richard Nixon
1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign
69
New cards
George Wallace
Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot
70
New cards
Gulf of tonkin Resolution
1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam
71
New cards
Tet Offensive
1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
72
New cards
Students for Democratic Society
Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.
73
New cards
Warren Burger
74
New cards
Henry Kissinger
Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America.
75
New cards
George McGovern
A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.
76
New cards
détente
A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve.
77
New cards
Vietnamization
A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".
78
New cards
My Lai massacre
79
New cards
Cambodian incursion
80
New cards
Kent State killings
In April of 1970, police fired into an angry crowd of college students at Kent State University. Four students were killed and many others were wounded. The students were protesting against Nixon ordering US troops to seize Cambodia without consulting Congress.
81
New cards
SALT I Treaty
a five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, sighned in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.
82
New cards
Philadelphia Plan
83
New cards
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
respecting pollution prevention and the protection of the environment and human health in order to contribute to sustainable development."
84
New cards
Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)
85
New cards
Clean Air Act
86
New cards
War Powers Act
87
New cards
OPEC
An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
88
New cards
executive privilege
89
New cards
Watergate scandal
A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.
90
New cards
Gerald Ford
1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon
91
New cards
Helsinki accords
(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991
92
New cards
NOW
National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination
93
New cards
Title IX
A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
94
New cards
ERA
95
New cards
Roe v. Wade
The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.
96
New cards
Wounded Knee
97
New cards
Jimmy Carter
(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.
98
New cards
Mohammed Reza Pahlevi (Shah of Iran)
a Shah that was placed in Iran by the CIA in 1953 and he planned to westernize and secularize Iran. He was overthrown in January 1979 by Muslim Fundamentalists. When he was overthrown Iran was left in chaos and Iranian oil production was stopped which led to higher oil prices for Americans.
99
New cards
Camp David Agreement
Carter's greatest foreign policy achievement. This was when the president of Egypt and the Prime Minister of Israel both agreed to a very promising peace treaty at the presidential retreat in the Maryland Highlands.
100
New cards
SALT II Treaty
Was signed in June 1979, when President Carter met with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in Vienna. This agreement limited the levels of lethal strategic weapons in the Soviet and American arsenals. The Senate still saw the Soviet Union as the WIcked Witch of the East, so when it came to Senate for debate, they brutally carved into it. Political earthquakes in the petroleum-rich Persian Gulf region finally buried all hopes of ratifying this treaty.