Phonetics Exam 3

2 years

p, b, d, m, n, h, w

3 years

t, k, g, ng, f, y

4 years

v, s, z, sh, ch, j, l

5 years

th (voiced), zh, r

6 years

th (voiceless)

Natural phonology

the concept that children are born with processes necessary for them to produce speech

Phonological processes

patterns children use to simplify adult speech

• often involving deleting or changing sounds, and are usually outgrown by a certain age

phonological processes typically developing children display:

syllable structure processes

substitution processes

assimilatory processes

Syllable structure processes

simplify syllables used by a child (typically reducing them to CV form)

• Weak syllable deletion

• final consonant deletion

• Reduplication

• cluster reduction

Weak syllable deletion

omission of a weak syllable either prior to or after a stressed syllable in a word

typically stops around age 4

• Ex) like shortening “Sofia” → “Fia”

  • “So-” is the weak (unstressed) syllable

• Ex) “Computer” → “Puter”

Final consonant deletion

when a child omits the final consonant in a word, typically reducing the word to a CV pattern

typically stop at age 3

• Ex) “Cup” → “Cu”

Reduplication

occurs when a child reduplicates a syllable in a word (“bottle” to “baba”)

typically stops before age 2.6

• Total reduplication = when a child repeats an entire syllable in a word

  • Ex) “cookie” —> “coo coo”

• Partial reduplication = when a child repeats only a consonant or vowel in a word

  • Ex) “Rabbit” —> “ra-rit”

Cluster reduction

when one or more consonants are deleted from a consonant cluster

occurs when there are 2+ consonants next to one another in a syllable

usually stops by age 4-5

• Ex) “Spider” —> “pider”

Substitution processes

phonological processes in which phonemes are replaced with another class of phonemes

Common substitution processes:

•  stopping,

•  fronting,

•  deaffrication,

•  gliding, and

•  vocalization.

Stopping

the replacement of a fricative or affricate with a plosive

Phonemes are typically replaced w/ stops that have a similar place of articulation

usually stops by age 4-5

• Ex) Soup /soʊp/ becomes Toup /toʊp/

Fronting

occurs when a velar or palatal consonant is replaced with an alveolar consonant

usually stops around age 2.6 - 3

• Ex) Cow /kaʊ/ becomes Tow /taʊ/

Deaffrication

the replacement of an affricate with a fricative

• Ex) Cheer /ʧɪɹ/ becomes Sheer /ʃɪr/

• Ex) Dodge /dɑʤ/ becomes dadzh /dɑʒ/

Gliding

the replacement of the liquids /r/ and /l/ with the glide phonemes /w/ and /j/

usually stops by age 2-5

typical in developing speech

• Ex) Ride /ɹaɪd/ becomes wide /waɪd/

Vocalization

when a child replaces postvocalic /r/ or /l/ with a vowel, or reduces the “r” sound, often adding a vowel before final /l/

• Ex) Other /ʌðɚ/ becomes othoo /ʌðʊ/

• Ex) Perch /pɝʧ/ becomes pawtch /pɔʧ/

• Ex) Boil /bɔɪl/ becomes Boyoh /bɔɪo/

Think About it: Substitution Processes

1) paper /pe͡ɪpə/ —> Vocalization

2) snatch /snæʃ/ —> Deaffrication

3) garden /bɑɹbɪn/ —> Fronting

4) teeth /tip/ —> Stopping

5) rain /we͡ɪn/ —> Gliding

6) cookie /tʊtɪ/ —> Fronting

Assimilatory Processes

the alteration of the production of phonemes due to the phonetic context of the production

These processes may be…

• progressive or regressive, and

• labial, alveolar, velar, or voicing.

not present in all children’s typically developing speech, and these processes are typically suppressed by age 3:0.

Labial Assimilation

when a phoneme is altered to have a labial place of articulation due to the presence of another labial phoneme elsewhere in the word

• Ex) Back /bæk/ becomes bap /bæp/

• Ex) Would /wʊd/ becomes woub /wʊb/

• Ex) Sweet /swit/ becomes weet /ɸit/ (“Sweet” —> “hweet”)

Alveolar Assimilation

when a phoneme is produced with an alveolar place of articulation due to another alveolar phoneme being present in the word

• Ex) Dream /dɹim/ becomes drean /dɹin/

• Ex) Bet /bɛt/ becomes tet /tɛt/

• Ex) Cot /kɑt/ becomes dot /dɑt/

Velar Assimilation

when a phoneme is produced with a velar place of articulation due to another velar phoneme being present in the word

• Ex) Cab /kæb/ becomes cak /kæk/

• Ex) Marker /mɑɹkɚ/ becomes karker /kɑɹkɚ/

Voicing assimilation

divided into two distinct types: prevocalic voicing and devoicing

Prevocalic Voicing

when a voiceless consonant becomes voiced because it comes before a vowel and takes on its voicing.

Devoicing

when a voiced consonant becomes voiceless, usually at the end of a word or before a pause

Children can use multiple phonological processes at a time due to…

a misplacement of the articulators

Multiple Phonological Processes Example 1

“Shop” /ʃɑp/ becomes “top” /tɑp/

This example demonstrates two phonological processes:

• 1) The child uses stopping by replacing a fricative with a stop phoneme.

• 2) by using the /t/ phoneme in place of /ʃ/, the child is changing the place of articulation from palatal to alveolar. Thus, this example also demonstrates the phonological process of fronting

Multiple Phonological Processes Example 2

Pledge /plɛʤ/ becomes lez /lɛz/

This example demonstrates three phonological processes:

• The child uses cluster reduction to simplify the initial sounds into one phoneme.

• They also demonstrated the process of deaffrication by substituting the fricative /z/ for the affricate /ʤ/.

• Lastly, the child demonstrated the process of fronting because they changed the place of articulation from palatal to alveolar in the final consonant of the utterance.

What process and category is being used if banana becomes /nænə/?

weak syllable deletion

What process and category is being used if Bottle becomes /bɑbɑ/?

reduplication

What process and category is being used if Juice becomes /ʒus/?

deaffrication

What process and category is being used if Cat becomes /kæ/?

final consonant deletion

Speech Sound Disorder

used to refer to all disorders of speech sound production

2 categories of speech sound disorders:

• articulation disorder

• phonological disorder

Articulation disorder

used when a person has difficulty with the motor production of speech sounds

• usually only have difficulty producing a few speech sounds

• (e.g., distorted /r/, /s/, or /z/)

Phonological disorder

used when a person has difficulty with the rules and order of phonemes in a sound system of a language.

Idiosyncratic processes

phonological patterns that are not present in typical speech development

Ex)

• Glottal Replacement

• Initial Consonant deletion

• Backing

• Stops Replacing a Glide

• Fricatives replacing a stop

Glottal Replacement

he substitution of a glottal stop for another consonant (may sound as if the phoneme is being omitted completely.)

Ex)

• Quick /kwik/ becomes qui /kwɪʔ/

• Lamp /læmp/ becomes amp /ʔæmp/

Initial consonant deletion

omission of a single consonant at the beginning of an utterance

Ex)

• Book /bʊk/ becomes ook /ʊk/

• Cup /cʌp/ becomes up /ʌp/

Backing

substitution of a velar stop consonant for consonants typically produced in the back of the oral cavity

Ex)

• Door /dɔɹ/ becomes gore /ɡɔɹ/

• Fish /fɪʃ/ becomes fik /fɪk/

Stops Replacing a Glide

substitution of a stop consonant for a glide consonant

Ex)

• Wind /wɪnd/ becomes binned /bɪnd/

• Yummy /jʌmi/ becomes dummy /dʌmi/

Fricatives replacing a stop

substitution of a fricative consonant (i.e., /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/) for a stop consonant (i.e., /b, p, d, t, g, k/)

Ex)

• Deer /dir/ becomes zeer /zir/

• Bite /bɑ͡ɪt/ becomes cite/sight /sɑ͡ɪt/

"ci-ie" /sɪʔi/ for "city" /sɪti/

"bo-le" /bɑʔoɫ/ for "bottle" /bɑtəɫ/

“gip” /gɪp/ for “dip” /dɪp/

“key” /ki/ for “pea” /pi/

"punny" /pʌni/ for "funny" /fʌni/

"tam" /tæm/ for "Sam" /sæm/

“ice” /ɑɪs/ for “nice” /nɑɪs/

glottal

glottal

backing

backing

stop replacing fricative

stop replacing fricative

initial consonant deletion

T/F: A child who uses one or more idiosyncratic processes has a phonological disorder.

True

T/F: A child with a phonological disorder can have phonological processes typical of speech development (appropriate for their age) and one or more idiosyncratic processes

True

T/F: Only one idiosyncratic process can occur in a child's speech

False

Nonlinear phonology

analyzes a child’s speech at multiple levels, including speech sounds, syllables, stress patterns, and words

What is gathered through nonlinear analysis?

• complete inventory of individual consonants and vowels in a child’s speech system.

• inventory of a child’s use of syllable shapes. This includes open and/or closed syllables and consonant clusters at the beginning and/or end of syllables

• inventory of a child’s use of consonant and vowel combinations, such as CV, VC, CVC, etc.

• word shapes, which include the number and types of syllables a child produces

• An inventory of the stress patterns a child produces, such as bisyllabic and multisyllabic words

Broad Transcription

Narrow Transcription

method of transcribing phonemes at the word and sentence level

• does not highlight the allophonic variation in phoneme production.

Narrow Transcription

used to more accurately record the allophonic variance of phonemes in individuals with speech sound disorders

Diacritics

symbols used in narrow transcription to represent different characteristics and pronunciation patterns in an individual’s speech

[̚ ]

Unreleased Stop (no audible release burst)

Ex)

• Pot /pɑt/ vs [pat̚]

• Wracked /ɹækt/ vs [ɹæk̚t]

[ ʰ ]

aspirated stop (burst of air)

Ex)

• Pat /pæt/ vs [pʰæt]

• Tummy /tʌmi/ vs [tʰʌmi]

[=]

unaspirated stop symbol (no burst of air when expected)

Ex)

• Spark /spɑɹk/ vs [sp˭ɑɹk] (sounds like “sbark”)

• Start /stɑɹt/ vs [st˭ɑɹt]

What type of transcription is used to record speech sound disorders more accurately?

Narrow

Symbols that are used in narrow transcription to represent different characteristics and pronunciation patterns in an individual’s speech are called diacritics

True

Nasality

the amount of nasal resonance found within a person’s speech

[̃ ] (tilde)

presence of nasalization in vowels

• Ex) the vowel /æ/ in “man” is surrounded by nasal consonants. This association results in a more nasalized manner for /æ/ and requires the use of the diacritic symbol: [æ̃]

Regressive Nasalization

occurs when a vowel becomes nasalized due to the following consonant

• Ex) /i/ becomes nasalized due to the presence of /n/ following, transcribed as /ĩn/

Progressive Nasalization

occurs when a vowel becomes nasalized due to a preceding consonant

• Ex) /i/ becomes nasalized due to the presence of /n/ before it, transcribed as /nĩ/

[͋ ]

Nasal Emission (emission of air through the nares in a phoneme that is not normally nasalized)

Ex)

• Sap [s͋æt]

• Peek [p͋ik]

Denasality (hyponasality)

asal phonemes (m, n, ng) are produced without nasalization

Ex)

Sit by me next. [sɪt ba͡ ɪ m͊i n͊ɛkst] “Sit by bi dext”

Spring [spɹiŋ͊] "sprind"

Hypernazality

associated with improper velopharyngeal closure

Ex)

He came each time [hi ke͡ ɪm ĩʧ ta͡ɪm]

Rang [ɹæ̃ŋ]

Mom [mɑ̃m]