Ch.6.3: Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture

Food security

everyone has access to enough nutritious food to have a healthy and active life

Food insecurity

chronic hunger and poor nutrition

what is the root cause of food insecurity

poverty

what factors play a major part in food insecurity (4)

political upheaval

corruption

war

environmental degradation

to maintain good health, people need large amounts of _________ and small amounts of ____________

macronutrients, micronutrients

macronutrients

carbohydrates

proteins

fats

micronutrients

vitamins and minerals`

protein food source

animals and some plants

protein function

build and repair body tissues

carbohydrates food source

wheat, corn, rice

carbohydrates function

short-term energy

lipids (oils and fats) food source

animal fats, nuts, oils

lipids function

build membrane tissues and create hormones

chronic undernutrition/ hunger

people do not grow/ buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs or grow/develop their body

people with chronic undernutrition generally live in…..

developing countries

people with chronic undernutrition are susceptible to…

mental deficiencies

stunted growth

death from infectious diseases such as measles and diarrhea

Chronic malnutrition

deficiencies in key nutrients, amino acid, vitamin, or mineral,

chronic malnutrition makes people more susceptible to…

disease

hinders mental and physical development

the world’s poor who feed on a diet of ___________ suffer from malnutrition

carbohydrates

_out of _ people suffers from a deficiency in one or more vitamins and minerals

1 out of 3

too little iron causes_______ resulting in a general lack of

anemia

vitality and energy

anemia affects __ people in developed/ developing countries

1/5

developing

what group does anemia mostly affect

women and children

what does anemia cause

fatigue, increase risk of infections and hemorrhaging in women after childbirth

what genetic work is being done to prevent anemia

modify rice to contain higher amounts of iron

golden rice has been genetically modified to contain higher amounts of ____ which can be converted to __________ which is needed for _____

beta carotene

vitamin A

proper eyesight

too little iodine causes..

improper functioning of the thyroid gland

what is the thyroid important for?

hormones that regulate metabolism

where is iodine found in?

seafood and crops from iodine-rich soil

what are they symptoms of iodine deficiency

stunted growth

mental deficiencies

goiter

600m people from rural south and southeast Asia suffer from ____ and 26m children suffer _____ from ________

goiter

brain damage

iodine deficiency

from 1970 to 2019 the world’s under and malnourished people rose/fell

fell

what caused the change in the number of malnourished and undernourished people after 2019

covid caused increase

how much of the population faces hunger today?

828m/ 10%

the hunger crisis is higher in developed/developing countries

developing

acute food shortage can lead to …

famines

famine

severe shortages of food in an area resulting in mass starvation and social/ economic chaos

what is the result of famine

people eat seeds for planting and slaughter breeding livestock

famine causes starving people to…

mass migrate into refugee camps

over nutrition

food intake exceeds energy needs causing excess to convert to fat

over nutrition can be caused by…

too many calories

too little exercise

over nutrition can lead to…

lower life expectancy

increased susceptibility to disease

lower productivity

lower life quality

__ of American adults are overweight and___ are obese

66%

33%

which developed country has the most overweight and obese people

America

Americans spend more than _____ on weight loss, while half could eliminate______ and ________ in the world

$50b

undernutrition and malnutrition

__ people have health problems from eating too little

__ people have health problems from eating too much

1 b

1.5b

__________ can be used to improve food production and food security

government policies

_______ is a financially risky business

agriculture

what factors in agriculture make it a risky business

crop production and profit are out of control

what factors make crop production and profit out of human control in the agriculture business?

weather

pests and disease

interest rates and global markets

because of the necessity of food, many farmers and fishermen receive…

subsidies

what 2 ways do governments manipulate food production

control prices by setting prices artificially low

provide subsidies

how government manipulate food production- set prices artificially low

low prices for consumers but can keep farmers from making profit

how government manipulate food production-provide subsidies

money, tax breaks, low costs fro raw materials to keep farmers in business and producing food

global subsidies account for __ of global farm profits

30%

subsidies debate

New Zealand ban caused crop production to increase

subsidies to be shifted to sustainable farming- improve irrigation instead of give money to get more water

marketplace control of food security side

let farmers and fishers respond to market demand

marketplace control of food security side- give government aid to the poor and low-middle class because…

examples

they would suffer most from price increases

food stamps, free school lunches

what other indirect government involvement would help to improve food security

programs to reduce poverty and population growth

family programs to educate and help women

food production has increased dramatically since…

1950

croplands produce mostly ___ providing ___ of the world’s food fro people, using __ of the world’s land

grains

77%

11%

rangelands/pastures/ feedlots produce ___ supplying__ of the world’s food for people while using __ of the world’s land

meat

16%

38%

most of the land dedicated for rangelands/pastures/ feedlots is actually used for…

growing food for meat

ocean fisheries and aquaculture provide __ of the world’s food

7

of ______ plants that people eat,_ supply _of the world’s food calories

50k

25

90%

wheat, rice, and corn supply _ of food calories and _ of world’s protein intake

50%

40%

__ of the world survive primarily on wheat, rice, and corn

2/3

what is the downside of food specialization

species can fail to disease, environmental degradation, climate change

food specialization goes against…

sustainability’s biodiversity principle

food production has increased due to technological advances in…

examples (4)

farming and fishing

chemical fertilizers, irrigation, pesticides, farming poultry, cattle, fish

agriculture can be divided into 2 types:

traditional and industrialized

traditional agriculture

polyculture farms in developing countries

traditional agriculture is very efficient/ inefficient

inefficient

Traditional subsistence agriculture

human labor and draft animals to produce food for survival and maybe storage

Traditional intensive agriculture

human and animal effort with fertilizer, pesticides, and water to increase yields

produces enough for survival and profit

many traditional farmers grow multiple crops, called…

polyculture

what is the benefit of polyculture

reduces chance of losing everything to drought, disease, or pests

slash and burn agriculture

forests are cut and burned to clear land form farms

what is the bad side of slash and burn agriculture?

typically in tropical rain forests, nutrient poor soil means farm doesn’t last long

Industrialized agriculture

heavy equipment, lots of water, fertilizer, pesticides, and money to produce one crop

industrialized agriculture tends to have _______ farms

monoculture

what is the goal of the monoculture industrialized farms

increase yield

industrialized agriculture is very efficient/ inefficient

efficient

what is the other word for industrialized agriculture?

high-input agriculture

plantation agriculture

type of industrialized agriculture in tropical developing countries

what are plantation agriculture farms used for

monoculture cash crops to export in developing countries

growing monoculture cash crops in plantation agriculture farms increases ______ but decreases _________

yields

forests biodiversity

plantation agriculture farm examples

palm oil

pineapple

banana

benefits of using greenhouses (3)

grow food year round

less water than regular farming

water-efficient

how do greenhouses allow for food to grow year round

control temperatures

what method is used in greenhouses to be more water-efficient

hydroponics

how does hydroponics use less water

recycling water

what is being done in greenhouses to increase yield/ area

food being grown vertically

agrobusiness

US industrialized big business farming

there is a small/large number of giant multi-national corporations controlling food growth and production

small

agrobusiness accounts for __ of GDP

20%

what has agribusiness improved on since 1950

production of key crops without needing to cultivate much more land

agrobusiness has minimized…

disturbing areas like forests and wetlands

agribusiness is larger than which 3 businesses combined?

auto

stell

housing

US food production has increased_______ and has decreased__________ except________

labor forces

raw materials

pesticides