Functional Groups

alkanes

sp3 carbons bonded to C-C or C-H single bonds

alkenes

sp2 carbon bonded to C=C double bonds

alkene classification

alkenes are classified with entire alkene, NOT single carbon

monosubstituted

disubstituted

trisubstituted

tetrasubstituted

monosubstituted

alkene bonded to 3H and ONE carbon group

disubstituted

alkene bonded to 2H and TWO carbon groups

trisubstituted

alkene bonded to 1H and THREE carbon groups

tetrasubstituted

alkene bonded to zero H and FOUR carbon groups

alkynes classification

terminal

internal

terminal

one end of alkyne ends in a Hydrogen

internal

alkyne is bonded to another Carbon

halides

any organic structure bonded to a halogen

R-halogen

oxygen functional groups

there are 3 kinds we need to know:

alcohol

ethers

carbonyl

alcohol

any organic structure bonded to OH

R-OH

ethers

oxygen bonded to two organic structures

R-O-R

carbonyl and its subgroups

carbonyl: carbon double bonded to oxygen (C=O)

aldehydes

ketones

carboxylic acid

esters

amides

aldehydes (carbonyl)

R bonded to O and H (double bond)

ketones (carbonyl)

R bonded to O and R (double bond)

carboxylic acid (carbonyl)

R bonded to O and OH (double bond)

esters (carbonyl)

R bonded to O and O and R (double bond)

amides (carbonyl)

R bonded to O and N, NH or, NRR (double bond)

Nitrogen functional groups

amines

nitriles

amines

have one lone pair on nitrogen and is bonded to carbon

nitriles

nitrogen triple bonded to an organic compound

R - --- N

sulfur functional groups

thiol

sulfide

thiol

organic structure bonded to SH

R-SH

sulfide

sulfur bonded to two organic structures

R-S-R'