Cells

sex cells

Reproductive cells, male sperm, female oocyte

somatic cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

soma

cell body

extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)

Fluid on the exterior of the cell. Contains thousands of ingredients, such as nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, waste products.

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

Cytoplasm

cytosol and organelles

cytosol

liquid portion of cytoplasm

functions of plasma membrane

physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, structural support

physical isolation

barrier separates inside from outside of cell

regulation of exchange with the environment

The plasma membrane controls the entry of ions and nutrients, the elimination of wastes, and the release of secretions.

sensitivity to the environment

Extracellular fluid composition and chemical signals

structural support

Anchors cells and tissues

membrane lipids

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Hydrophilic head

Attracted to water

hydrophilic fatty acid tails

inside membrane

Soluble Compounds

Barrier to ions and water

membrane proteins

integral proteins and peripheral proteins

integral proteins

within the membrane

peripheral proteins

bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane

membrane proteins

receptors and transporters

receptor proteins

Bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)

carrier proteins

transport specific solutes through membrane

Channels

regulate water flow and solutes through membrane

membrane carbohydrates

proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

Glycocalyx

a bacterial capsule that is made of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars

Cytoplasm

All the material of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Cytosol (intracellular fluid)

Dissolved materials: nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products. High potassium/low sodium. High protein. High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat.

Organelles

structures with specific functions

nonmembranous organelles

No membrane. Direct contact with cytosol. Include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and proteasomes.

membranous organelles

mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

membranous organelles

covered with plasma membrane, isolated from cytosol

Cytoskeleton

structural proteins for shape and strength

structural proteins for shape and strength

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Microfilaments

thin filaments composed of the protein actin

intermidiate filaments

ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

thick filaments

myosin protein in muscle cells

Microvilli

projections that increase the cell's surface area for absorption

Centrioles in the centrosome

Centrioles organize microtubules in cilia and flagella; centrosome organizes microtubules in cell

cilia

small hairlike structures

Ribosomes

build proteins

Two types of ribosomes

free ribosomes and bound ribosomes

free ribosomes in cytoplasm

manufacture proteins for cell

Fixed ribosomes attached to ER

manufacture proteins for secretion

Five types of membranous organelles

endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

functions of endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Storage of synthesized molecules and materials. Transport of materials within the ER. Detoxification of drugs or toxins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

no ribosomes attached, synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes), steroid hormones (reproductive system), glycerides (storage in liver and fat cells), glycogen (storage in muscles)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Surface covered with ribosomes. Active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis. Folds polypeptide protein structures. Encloses products in transport vesicles

Functions of Golgi Apparatus

modifying products of the ER, making certain macromolecules, sorting and packaging materials into transport vesicles

Lysosomes

contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion

functions of lysosomes

clean up inside cells, autolysis

Peroxisomes

enzyme-filled vesicle in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless products

Mitochondria structure

Smooth Outer Membrane, Folded Inner Membrane (Cristae)

Matrix

fluid inside the mitochondria

function of mitochondria

Cellular respiration, makes ATP.

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

citric acid cycle

Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

electron transport chain

inner mitochondrial membrane

mitochondrial energy production

Called aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)

Glucose+Oxygen+ADP

carbon dioxide+water+ATP

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

nuclear pores

communication passages

contents of the nucleus

DNA, nucleoplasm, nuclear matrix, nucleoli, nucleosomes, chromatin, chromosomes

DNA

All organisms store the complex information they need to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code written in a molecule

Nucleoplasm

fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA

nuclear matrix

support filaments

Nucleoli

Areas in nucleus with high concentrations of protein and RNA molecules; ribosomes assembled here

Nucleosome

DNA coiled around histones

Chromatin

Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)

Chromosomes

Tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)

information storage in the nucleus

DNA, gene, genetic code

dna

instructions for making proteins

gene

one set of instructions for an inherited trait

genetic code

chemical language of DNA instructions

triplet code

3 bases of DNA that code for a single amino acid

The Role of Gene Activation in Protein Synthesis

The nucleus contains chromosomes. Chromosomes contain DNA. DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins.

Proteins determine cell structure and function.

gene activation

uncoiling DNA to use it

Transcription

Copying DNA into RNA

RNA polymerase produces

mRNA

The Role of Gene Activation in Protein Synthesis

The nucleus contains chromosomes. Chromosomes contain DNA. DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins. Proteins determine cell structure and function.

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

processing

RER and Golgi apparatus produce protein

Transcription of mRNA

gene activation, DNA to mRNA, RNA processing

gene activation

before a gene can affect the cell, the portion of the DNA molecule containing that gene must be uncoiled and the histones temporarily removed, a process known as

DNA to mRNA

Enzyme RNA polymerase transcribes DNA. Binds to promoter (start) sequence. Reads DNA code for gene. Binds nucleotides to form messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA duplicates DNA coding strand, uracil replaces thymine.

RNA processing

The modification of mRNA before it leaves the nucleus that is unique to eukaryotes.

Translation

mRNA with the genetic information is taken to the Ribosome and in interpreted into amino acids

cell life cycle

Most of a cell's life is spent in a nondividing state (interphase). Body (somatic) cells divide in three stages. DNA replication duplicates genetic material exactly. Mitosis divides genetic material equally. Cytokinesis divides cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells.

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

Mitosis

the division of the genetic material in the nucleus

cytokinesis divides

cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells

DNA replication

DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.

DNA polymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

ligases

piece together sections of DNA

Interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

G0 phase

A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.

G1 phase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.