linguistics exam 21

Phonems

Mental representation (idea) of a sound in your mind. Marked by //

Noncontrastive allophone

Sounds that occur in different environments, so they do not change the meaning.

Contrastive allophone

Sounds that occur in the same environment, they do change the meaning

Minimal pair

a pair of words or phonetic environments that differ in meaning by only one sound

Contrastive distribution

Yes minimal pair. Unpredictable distribution. Allophones of different phonemes.

Complementary distribution

No minimal pairs. Different environments. Predictable distribution. Allophones of the same phoneme.

Free variation

No minimal pairs. Same environment. Unpredictable. Allophones of the same phoneme.

phonological rule format

x>y/C_D

Sibilant

 [s,z,ʃ,ʒ,d͡ʒ,t͡ʃ]

Labials

[f,v,p,b,m,w,w̥]

Obstruents

stops and fricatives

Sonorants

Vowels, liquids, glides, nasals

Assimilation

One sound becomes more similar to another

Dissimilation

two sounds become less similar

Insertion

A sound is inserted to facilitate pronunciation

Metathesis

two sounds switch places

Content morpheme

Carry semanticity

function morphemes

add gramatical meaning to a structure

Derivational affix

Forms a new word by adding a new meaning or changing the lexical category

Inflectional affix

creates different grammatical forms

Homophonous affixes

have the same form but different meanings

Alternation

changes the sounds in the middle of a word

Suppletion

an inflected form of a word looks completely different from the root, with no phonetic similarity between them