(WIP) WHAP Unit 1.1 Developments in East Asia 1200-1450

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Context: Sui Dynasty

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Region trade, which had been increasing since 600, paved the way for revived and new empires from 1200-1450.

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Context: Sui Dynasty

- 581 - 618 Centralized gov. from Yang Jian’s military campaigns after centuries of turmoil

  • Grand Canal: 1k mile canal that connected agricultural South w/ North & cultural groups (most rivers run west-east)

  • 618: Dependence on high taxes & forced labor & bad Korean military expeditions led to Sui Yangdi’s assassination

<p><span style="font-family: __bwModellica_c589ae, __bwModellica_Fallback_c589ae">- 581 - 618 Centralized gov. from Yang Jian’s military campaigns after centuries of turmoil</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-family: __bwModellica_c589ae, __bwModellica_Fallback_c589ae">Grand</span><strong> </strong><span style="font-family: __bwModellica_c589ae, __bwModellica_Fallback_c589ae">Canal: 1k mile canal that connected agricultural South w/ North &amp; cultural groups (most rivers run west-east)</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family: __bwModellica_c589ae, __bwModellica_Fallback_c589ae">618: Dependence on high taxes &amp; forced labor &amp; bad Korean military expeditions led to Sui Yangdi’s assassination</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Context: Tang Dynasty

-618-907 Centralized under Tang Taizong who lowered taxes, banditry, & rice prices & expanded state to Taklamakan Desert

  • Extensive communication networks w/ resting spots, Middle Kingdom & rice

    • Chang’an: 2M

  • Equal-Field system: Equal & equitable distribution of land, but Buddhist monasteries & bribery & intimidation in 700s gave wealthy families large plots

  • Decline: Careless leaders = An Lushan’s 755 failed rebellion weakened Tang who compromised w/ Uighurs for strength

    • 875-884: Huang Chao’s rebellion = increased regional military power & eventual takeover of China (Ruler abdicated)

<p>-618-907 Centralized under Tang Taizong who lowered taxes, banditry, &amp; rice prices &amp; expanded state to Taklamakan Desert</p><ul><li><p>Extensive communication networks w/ resting spots, Middle Kingdom &amp; rice</p><ul><li><p>Chang’an: 2M</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Equal-Field system: Equal &amp; equitable distribution of land, but Buddhist monasteries &amp; bribery &amp; intimidation in 700s gave wealthy families large plots</p></li><li><p>Decline: Careless leaders = An Lushan’s 755 failed rebellion weakened Tang who compromised w/ Uighurs for strength</p><ul><li><p>875-884: Huang Chao’s rebellion = increased regional military power &amp; eventual takeover of China (Ruler abdicated)</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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3

Empress Wu Zhao

-690-706 Became a concubine of Tang Taizong at 13 y/o → Claims authority after successor & husband’s death, only empress in Chinese history

  • Secret police force & brutal punishments, military campaigns, & strengthened Civil Service Exam to squash rebellions & aristocratic forces

  • Patronized Buddhists

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4

The Song Dynasty

-960-1279 China: Neo-Confucian Meritocracy w/ great wealth, stability, & artistic & intellectual adv., but mistrusted military

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5

Government Developments in the Song Dynasty

-Small but prosperous Bureaucracy & Meritocracy (lost Taklamakan Desert & Tibet)

  • Imperial Bureaucracy: Org. of appointed officials that carry empire’s policies, since Qin Empire (221 BCE - 207 BCE)

  • Meritocracy: Officials obtain positions by demonstrating merit, since Han Dynasty (206 BCE -220 CE)

    • Emperor Taizu: expands lower class males’ opportunities for education to score well on Civil Service Exam (still underrep.)

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6

Economic Developments of Song Dynasty

-Context: (Tang’s fast & caloric rice + Tang’s gunpowder & paper money = more trade & pop) + (Sui’s inexpensive Grand Canal = transport, culture, agri. ) = Song is most populous trading center

  • Agriculture: manure, irrigation (wheels, pumps, terraces), plows & beasts of burden

    • Champa Rice: Fast-ripening, drought-resistant, sometimes biseasonal rice from present-day Vietnam spread production to new areas = Cheap rice & extensive commercialized crops

  • Manufacturing: 1st guns, coal → coke = powered cast iron & steel production (reinforced ships & infrastructure/religious items/agri. tools)

    • Protoindustrialization: More rural goods than sales w/ gov. supervised, unpaid artisans & cottage industries

  • Most Commercialized Society: magnetic compass + paper + bigger ships “Junks” + navy = Shift to maritime in South China Sea w/ tea. porcelain, & textile exports

    • Hangzhou: 1M

  • Taxes: more $ circulation w/ gov. paying construction workers

  • Middle Kingdom: required tribute from surrounding kingdoms enforced thru Zheng He’s army & kowtow (bow to floor)

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Porcelain

-Chinese perfected glazing techniques w/ extremely high kiln temperatures & kaolin clay from South; Korean & Japanese copies could not match

  • Lighter, thinner, & more adaptable to different uses than earlier pottery

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8

Social Structures in China

-Mostly rural to most urbanized society w/ cosmopolitan metropolises Chang’an (ancient capital), Hangzhou (south of Grand Canal), Guangzhou (port city) w/ economic & entertainment centers

  • Hierarchy: Scholar gentry, aristocrats, farmers & artisans, merchants, indebted peasants & urban poor

    • Educated bureaucrats outnumbered wealthy heirs

    • Merchants = low class b/c no physical labor or creation

    • Illiteracy, gov. provided free healthcare for lowest class

    • Foot binding: Banned in 1912, done by young, high class girls to attract suitors, led to issues in health & public affairs

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Religious Diversity in China

-Middle Kingdom disliked foreign influence of Buddhism, but Song Bureaucrats adopted & spread beliefs (Neo-Confucianism)

  • Zen/Chan Buddhism: Syncretic religion (+Daoism) that emphasized direct experiences rather than learning, remained popular among commoners even when Tang seized temples

  • Neo-Confucianism: 770-840 combined rational & abstract thought, spread Buddhism thru out East Asia w/ printing

-Theravada Buddhism: Personal enlightenment (Southeast Asia)

  • Mahayana: Mass enlightenment (China, Korea, Japan)

  • Vajrayana: Enlightenment thru chanting (Tibet)

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Xuan Zheng

-629: Travel into Central Asia was banned China, but a Buddhist monk, appalled by the contradictions of Chinese Buddhist script, fled to South Asia for the purest sources

  • 645-664: Return-death, popularized Buddhism in China by spending the rest of his life translating doctrines

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Downfall of Song Dynasty

~900~1100 North conquered by seminomadic Khitan of Manchuria who recieved silk & silver tributes; 1100 nomadic Jurchen captures capital Kaifeng & North Song; 1279 Mongols take China

  • Overextended bureaucracy of high-wage officials = Unpowerful military = Waste of $

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12

Japan

-1192: After Minamoto clan replaced Heian Court, they installed a shogun to rule

Feudalism: Daimyo’s power > Emperor & Shogun, hierarchy = little mobility w/ majority peasants

  • Japan suffered from regional rivalries until 1600’s centralized gov.

  • Bushido: Samurai upheld frugality, loyalty, martial arts, & honor unto death

-Separated from China by sea = more control w/ its interactions

  • Prince Shotoku Taishi (574-622) promoted Buddhism & Confucianism w/ Shinto & woodblock printing

  • Heian Period (794-1185) reflected Chinese culture in gov & art, first novel The Tale of Genshi

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13

Korea

-Shared boundaries & adopted Chinese culture

  • Centralized gov. w/ educated Confucians & Buddhist peasants, adopted Chinese writing but had distinct language

    • Civil Service Exam: No social mobility

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14

Vietnam

-Adapted Chinese writing & architecture but violently rebelled against China

  • Independent villages & merit-based bureaucracy of men that pledged allegiance to peasants & rebelled against oppressive gov.

    • Rebels shows strong guerilla warfare against weakening Tang

  • Nuclear family: Unlike Chinese extended families, women had more independence & rejected foot binding & polygyny

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