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In an observational research design, the researcher:
Does not have control over X
Two principles of observational studies
Look for as-if random assignment of the treatment variable X.
Rule out confounders by holding “all else” constant.
Cross-section datasets
Variables measured across several spatial units at one time period
Examples of cross-section datasets:
Time-series datasets
Variables measured for one spatial unit over several time periods
Time-series datasets examples: