Anatomy Unit 4: The Skeletal System

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Bone (osseous tissue)

• Dense and mineralized matrix

• Concentric rings help hold weight

• Cells are called osteocytes (dynamic can change)

• Stores phosphorus and calcium

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

• Dense Regular CT

• not great bloody supply

• Cells are called Fibroblasts

Ligament

connects bone to bone

• Dense Regular CT

• not great bloody supply

• Cells are called Fibroblasts

Elastic Cartilage

found in outer ear and epiglottis

• has most elastic fibers

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Fibrocartilage

Vertebrae, holds pelvis together

• least amount of elastic fibers

Cells are called endrocytes

axial skeleton

Function is to protect the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs

1. skull

2. vertebral column

3. bony thorax

appendicular skeleton

shoulder, upper limb, hand, lower limb, hip, leg, and foot

Paired bones of cranium

1. Parietal

2. Temporal

Unpaired bones of cranium

1. Frontal

2. Occipital

3. Sphenoid

4. Ethmoid

Sutures

interlocking joi8nt that unites bones of the skull

• Coronal, sagittal, squamous, lamboid

Unpaired bones of the face

1. Vomer

2. Mandible

Functions of Sinus Cavities

lightens skull, voice resonance, warms and humidifies air, mucous can accumulate

• Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

Scoliosis

lateral curvature of the thoracic region

Kyphosis

Hunchback; dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature

Lordosis

Sway back; lumbar curvature; can happen in overweight or pregnant people

Long bones

all bones of limbs except patella and bones of wrist and ankle

Short bones

cube shaped: wrist and ankle

Flat bones

Thin, flattened: shoulder blades, ribs, skull

Irregular bones

Vertebrae and hip bones

Bone Marrow

Soft tissue occupying the medullary cavity of a long bone

• red: blood cell forming tissue (spongy bone)

• yellow: fat cells (medullary cavity)

Osteoblast

bone building

• organic compounds: collagen fibers, resilience

Osteocyte

mature bone cell

osteoclasts

bone destroying

Inorganic compounds (3)

HELPS WITH RESISTANCE

1. calcium

2. phosphate (salt)

3. calcium hydroxide

Parts of an Osteon

1. Haversian canal: passage of blood vessels down the bone

2. Lamelle: "layers" smaller concentric circles

3. Volkman's canal: perpendicular

4. Lacunae: osteoncytes in tiny gaps of lamelle

5. Canaliculi: canals that connect lacunae

Compact Bone

dense, solid outer layer of bone

Spongy bone

inner honeycomb like structure made of trabeculae