Nature vs. Nurture: Genetics and Heritability

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and concepts from lectures on genetics, heritability, and personality traits.

ACE Model

A framework used to understand the variance in traits explained by Additive genetic variance (A), Common/shared environment (C), and Nonshared environment and error (E).

Heritability

A measure of how much of the variance in a trait can be attributed to genetic differences within a population.

Common Environment (C)

The non-genetic factors that children share growing up together, which can influence their similarities.

Nonshared Environment (E)

The environmental factors that lead to differences among siblings, not shared by all family members.

Turkheimer's First Law

The assertion that 'everything is heritable'; all traits show some level of heritability.

Monozygotic Twins

Identical twins who share nearly 100% of their genetic material.

Dizygotic Twins

Fraternal twins who share about 50% of their genetic material.

Genotype

The underlying genetic makeup of an individual.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics or traits of an individual, resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.

Neuroticism

A personality trait characterized by anxiety, fear, moodiness, worry, envy, frustration, jealousy, and other negative feelings.

HPA Axis

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, a central part of the body's response to stress.

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Part of the brain that controls passive avoidance and anxiety responses.

Cortisol

A steroid hormone released in response to stress, which can affect brain structure and function.

Frontal Lobe

The part of the brain associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem-solving.

Conscientiousness

A personality trait involving high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors.

Heritability Estimate for Height

Approximately 0.90, indicating a strong genetic influence on this trait.

Genetic Variation Sources

The different genetic factors contributing to variations in traits among individuals.