Biology Unit 1 Test

functional groups

functional groups

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

hydroxide group

-OH

carboxyl group

-COOH

carbonyl group

C double bonded to O

sulfyhydryl group

-SH

phosphate group

-PO4

amino group

-NH2

methyl group

-CH3

dehydration reaction (condensation reaction)

when two monomers create a covalent bond by forming a water molecule

hydrolysis

when two monomers split through gaining a water molecule

carbohydrates

a macromolecule

monosaccharides

carbohydrate polymer

glycosidic linkage

covalent bonds between monosaccharides

glycogen

storage form of glucose in animals

starch (amylose)

storage form of glucose in plants

cellulose

reinforces plant-cell wall

lipids

a macromolecule

hydrocarbon

an organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

fatty acid

lipid polymer

triglycerides

one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules

saturated fatty acid

carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds thus maximixing the number of hydrogen atoms

unsaturated fatty acid

a fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds

phospholipids

a lipid with a phosphate group

amphipathic

has regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

phospholipid bilayer

arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward

nucleic acid

a macromolecule

DNA

double helixes carrier of genetic information

RNA

single helixed nucleic acid that passes along genetic material

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

deoxyribose

sugar found in DNA

ribose

a five-carbon sugar present in RNA

adenine

the base that pairs with thymine in DNA

guanine

the base that pairs with cytosine in DNA

cytosine

the base that pairs with guanine in DNA

thymine

the base that pairs with adenine in DNA

uracil

base that pairs with adenine in RNA

transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

translation

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

amino acid

protein polymer

peptide bond

bonds that connect amino acids

alpha helix

the spiral shape resulting from the coiling of a polypeptide in a protein’s secondary structure

beta pleated sheet

form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds

disulfide bridge

the covalent bond between two sulfur atoms (-S-S-) linking two molecules or remote parts of the same molecule in the tertiary structure

polypeptide

chain of amino acids that makes proteins

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

tertiary structure

the third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain

quaternary structure

the fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits

denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to the heat of pH change

isomer

compounds that have the same the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structure and properties

organic chemistry

the chemistry of carbon compounds

disaccharides

any of a class of sugars whole molecule contains two monosaccharides

oligosaccharides

a carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units

polysaccharides

a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together

chitin

a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming major constituents of the exoskeletons of arthropods

ester linkage

the bond that forms between the oxygen and carbon atoms

steroid

any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms

pyrimidine

A nitrogenous base that includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil

purine

adenine and guanine

DNA replication

the process by which the genome's DNA is copied in cells

oligopeptides

peptide sequences ranging from 2 to 20 amino acids