gk

maldives, brics, reservation

LOTE (full form and operation that countered it?) - 1988

Liberation organisation for tamil eelam & Operation Cactus

Operation Castor (to maldives)

2004, Maldives hit by tsunami— to provide relief

HADR full form?

Humanitarian Assistance for Disaster Relief

Operation Neer (to maldives)

2014 water crisis in maldives - drinking water supply

maldives becomes a democracy in?

2008 (maldives is a)

president of maldives in 2008

Muhamad Nasheed
(maldivian democratic party) → Pro India

Yameen Gayoom in 2011

against Pro India and wanted to be more Pro China

Elections in maldives

2008 - Muhamad Nasheed (MDP)
2013 - Waheed Hasan
2018: Ibrahim Muhmmad Solih (MDP)
2023: Muhammad Muizzu (people’s national congress)

helicopters gifted to maldives

AML
Dhruv
Dornier

Maldives runs on (two most popular sectors)

tourism and fishery

Currency Swap Agreement

From India to Maldives: 750 million dollar worth
→ 400 million dollars: provided in dollars
→ 3000 crore: Indian rupee (357 million dollars)

EKUVERIN

started in 2009 to counter terrorism and insurgency (military exercise between india and maldives

Reservation is mentioned in which article?

article 16(4)

article 15 (1)

No discrimination of citizens

article 16 (1)

equality of opportunity for all citizens

article 16(4)

state can make reservation for the better representation for backward class of citizens

reservation population p?

SC - 15%
ST - 7.4%

reservation in education first came in?

Champakam Dorairajan v. State of Madras (1951)
Reservation in edu. institution
questioned by C.D
Art. 46 quoted
BUT this is DPSP (and violates art. 16)

Art 46

states can promote the edu and eco interests of weaker sections (which was done thru reservation)

Reservation in education amendment

first constitutional amendment act (1951)
brings in Art. 15(4)

Art 15(4)

basically that reservation in edu is possible

M.R Balaji v. State of Mysore (1962)

led to Mandal Commission
→ 68% reservation for socially - educationally backward classes
→ challenged: why is the reservation so high?
→ Dr. Ambedkar was quoted: reservation given to minorities and hence shouldn’t cross 50%

Kalelkar Commission

1953
6 markers for backward classes

→ Traditional occupation
→ Literacy
→ Population
→ Distribution
→ Social position in hierarchy
→ Representation present in govt.


THIS IS NOT ACCEPTED BY GOVT

Mandal Commission (1979)

Under art. 340
11 indicators
social (4×3), edu (3×2) and political(4×1)
point system was followed (ex. 4 questions giving 3 points/marks each)
OBC title also given (52% population) → 27% reservation recommended

Mandal Commission headed by?

Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal

what is the backward class acc. to mandal commission

11 points / 22 points and above acc. to indicators

Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)

introduced creamy layer for OBCs (only family income is counted not the person)

art 16(4 A)

77th amendment (1995)
reservation in promotion

Bihar Reservation Policy

Caste survey conducted → extremely backward class and backward class
65% reservation
quashed by Patna HC

Davinder Singh v. State of Punjab (2024)

1975: punjab had included balmikis and mazhabi sikhs for reservation

states can make changes to the list of SCs and STs for reservation
citing art. 341: president can make changes in the list (but now given to states as well)

BRIC termed coined by

Jim O’Neill (2001)

first BRIC summit

yekaterinburg, russia (2009)

BRICS gave — money to imf in 2012

75 billion dollars
But was conditional on IMF voting reforms
they failed so NDB was formed

new development bank

2015, Fortaleza Declaration to establish NDB
to replace world bank

NDB new

development bank

(VERY IMP BRO)

→ Shanghai, China
→ every founding member has equal voting power & no veto power
→ voting percentage: 55% (11% each)
→ for new joiners: 45% voting p reserved

BRICS contingent reserve arrangement

short term liquidity support to members thru currency swaps
usd 100 billion

eurasian intergovermental pol, eco, security and military alliance

Shanghai Corporation Organisation

Shanghai 5 and the total 10 now

Russia, china, kazakh, krygy, tajiki stan (1996)
uzbekistan (2001)
india & pak (2017)
iran (2023)
belarus (2024)

SCO charter

2002 and in force in 2003

composition of SCO

10 members
2 observers: mongolia and afghanistan

golden triangle around india?

cambodia, laos and thailand

golden crescent of the world

afghanistan, pakistan and iran

Regional Anti terrorist structure (RATS)

RATS
Based in tashkent
india was chairman in oct 2021 (for a year)

RATS founded in ?

2004

sakshgam valley

sangeeth natak akedemi awards

Global HDI index

Pakistan economist: mehboob ul haq
health education and standard of living
india: 134th (0.644)
first: switzerland
bottom: somalia

ballistic missile vs cruise missile

direction (b: arc ; cruise: straight)

which missile can the direction NOT be changed?

ballistic missile

which missile’s precision is high?

cruise missile

missile speed above 5 mach

hypersonic

integrated guided missile development programme

→ prithvi
→ agni
→ trishul
→ akaash
→ nag

prithvi and agni

ballistic missile

Agni 6 (mirv)

multiple indepentedly redirect

drdo testing range in odisha

chandepur

prithvi (navy variant) → submarine

sagarika (A-15)
india’s tactical missile (can be launched from land air and water)

trishul (surface to air)

for air defense

replacement of trishul

barack missile from israel

nag missile

anti tank guided missile (seeker tech)

nag helicopter variant
nag army variant

helina
dhruvastra

air to air missile

mica - france
astra - from india
novator - russia

bvr

beyond visual range

cruise missile

bramos (supersonic)
bramhaputra and moscowa (290 km)
BrahMos 2 (450-600) (hypersonic)

brahmos (cruise missile)

fastest supersonic cruise missile (nuclear attack)

BrahMos bought by

phillipines

nirbhay— can’t be detected? (cruise missile)

subsonic speed

submarines → nuclear and conventional

nuclear
→ underwater for longer times
→ faster speed
→ can carry more
→ very expensive

nuclear submarine

INS chakra
INS → from russia

Made in India submarines)

ins arihant (first)
ins arighat
ins aridhman (testing still)

mission shakti

shot down our old missiles
anti satallite system
dr. apj abdul kalam island
4th country to have this tech

air defense

s-400 (russia)
→ 400 km (developed in 2007)
→ range: 600 km (detection)
→ 36 targets

best air defense in the world

s-500 (russia)
thad (terminal high altitude defense (usa)
iron dome (israel)

indian fighter jets

marut (first)

→ russia
sukhoy
mig 21
migh 29

- france
jaguar
mirage
rafale

list of ins

ins vikrant (UK)
ins virat (UK)
ins vikramaditya (russia; kiev class)
ins vikrant (india’s own air craft carrier)

ins vikrant

to preserve old vikrant’s legacy

ak-2003 rifles

→ Automatic Kalashnikov
→ amethi, UP
→ 5121 crore

CDS

chief of defense staff
→ anil chauhan
→ prev. binpin rawat

army chief

upendra davedi

air force chief

a.p singh

chief of naval staff of india

dinesh k triphati