Biology 2E - Chapter 3 - Biological Macromolecules Readthrough Notes

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DNA in prokaryotes
is not enclosed in a membranous envelope
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DNA in eurkaryotes
* Is contained in the nucleus
* forms a complex with histones to form chromatin
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
* DNA contains all the genetic content of an organism and controls all cellular activities by turning genes on or off
* Sugar is deoxyribose
* Double stranded
* Bases ATGC
* RNA is mostly involved in protein synthesis
* Sugar is ribose
* Single stranded
* Bases AUGC
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What composes a nucleotide?
* nitrogenous base
* pentose sugar (five carbon)
* phosphate group
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What are the four possible nitrogenous bases in DNA?
* (A) Adenine
* (G) Guanine
* (C) Cytosine
* (T) Thymine
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Why are ‘nitrogenous bases’ considered bases?
Because they contain and amino group that has the potential of binding an extra hydrogen, and thus decreasing the hydrogen ion concentration in its environment, making it more basic.
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What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?
* Purines primary structure is 2 carbon-nitrogen rings
* Pyrimidines primary structure is 1 carbon-nitrogen ring
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What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA vs. RNA
* DNA - ATGC - All The Good Code
* RNA - AUGC - All Uther Good Code
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Which nitrogenous bases are purines?
* (A) Adenine
* (G) Guanine
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Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
* (C) Cytocine
* (T) Thymine
* (U) Uracil
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Identify the prime connection points of the carbon atoms in
* 1’
* 2’
* 3’
* 4’
* 5’ - Phosphate residue attaches

\
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What is a 5’-3’ phosphodiester linkage?
The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5’ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3’ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide.
The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5’ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3’ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide.
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What is antiparallel orientation? Why is it significant?
* The two helical strands of DNA run in opposite directions but match the parallel strand so that the 5’ carbon on one faces the 3’ carbon on the other.
* Important for replication and nucleic acid interactions.
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In DNA, what are the allowable base pairings?
In DNA, what are the allowable base pairings?
* A - T
* G - C