The Industrial Revolution

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64 Terms

1
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What are the 6 reasons the IR started in Britain?
natural resources, large supply of labour, pro-business gov’t, capital, colonies, industrial enlightenment
2
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What are the natural resources?
coal = energy → fuel→ steam engine → machines

iron → cast-iron = products + factories
3
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What is the pro-business gov’t?
businessmen + landowners → parliament that creates laws that favour business
4
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What is the capital?
non-anglican restricted from gov’t → turned to business = $ → invest into industrial development
5
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What are colonies?
Britain has biggest colony = raw resources + wealth

India + usa = cotton → textile industry → mass production
6
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What is the industrial enlightenment?
capitalist ($) + scientists (ideas) = invention
7
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What is the large supply of labour?
Agriculture rev = skilled workers → cities → factory workers
8
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What was it like before the AR in farming?
subsistence farming, 3 crop rotation
9
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what does enclosing fields mean?
limiting access to peasants → work in cities or hired labour on farm
10
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What was it like after enclosing fields in the AR?
Land under tight control = more productive → food production → money
11
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What was the seed drill?
3 in 1 actions = increase in food production and prevented natural effects
12
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What was the Rotherham plough?
iron blade = easy to use and only 2 horses and 1 person → cut cost and labour time
13
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What are the benefits of the 4 crop rotation system?
turnips = better crops, more food → pop increase, livestock food
14
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What is this?
What is this?
the spinning jenny, could spin multiple spindles
15
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What is this?
What is this?
the water frame, 100 spindles, water powered = bigger buildings → first factories
16
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What is this?
What is this?
the spinning mule, 1300 spindles
17
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What is this?
What is this?
the power loom, weave threads
18
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What is this?
What is this?
the cotton gin, harvest cotton
19
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What is the cottage industry?
goods were sold and produced locally and in a small scale
20
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Why was the cottage industry ineffective?
could not keep pace with growing demand by pop increase
21
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What is the factory industry?
factories = goods produced on large scale
22
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Why were factories built in cities?
cities were built on water = water power, transportation → shipping goods
23
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How was the pop. utilized and infleunced by factories?
AR = skilled workers in cities for factories,

success of factories = pop increase
24
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How did the factory system advance the IR?
factories in city = mass production + pop increase
25
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Why was child labour needed?
high demand in factories + low wages → children, family couldn’t afford child, some jobs are only for children
26
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What were the 2 waves of children?
1\. orphans → state-sponsored slavery

2\. every child → cheap labour
27
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What is state-sponsored slavery?
work instead of social welfare, orphans not paid but given basic needs
28
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What were the children’s attitudes about going to work?
Propaganda = possibility of independent worker, education, meals, housing, skills
29
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What types of child labour jobs are there?
chimney sweeper, textile factory worker, miner trapper boy
30
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Why did the gov’t respond to child labour?
grown up children formed unions, Oliver Twist, Sadler report = investigation → public shock → pressure
31
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Because of the pro-business gov’t, many wanted to follow the economic policy… which means…
laissez-faire/no gov’t regulations bc regulations cut into profit
32
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What were the working conditions for the workers?
low wages, long hours, abuse, unions illegal
33
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What did the gov’t do with child labour?
education replaces labour
34
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What was the significance of child labour in the development of the factory system?
capitalists needed cheap labour to expand, low wages = no cut in profit, some jobs are just for children
35
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Who were the upper class?
society, big network, old rich (inherited) or new rich (factory owners)
36
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Who were the middle class?
grew during the IR, father worked in professions or business
37
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Who were the lower middle class?
white-collar workers
38
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Who were the working class?
worked in trades or factory, farmers, 80%, blue-collar workers, skilled/unskilled/casual labour
39
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What was the energy development?
hand powered → water → coal/steam
40
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What are the benefits of iron?
easy/cheap to produce, build factories, England has huge supply
41
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What was the problem in the mines with water?
water leaked into coal lines = consistent removal → harder deeper down = can’t get coal
42
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What was the solution in the mines with water?
Newcomen made steam engine → adapted to power machines
43
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What was the significance of the steam engine in the textile factory?
factories didn’t need water power → built everywhere = faster + mass production
44
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Who and what are the significance of the adapted steam engine?
James Watt made it efficient → trains
45
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What is the significance of trains?
travel industry, army travel, info/mail travel, raw resources → factories → goods → market → sold = profit, allowed the mass production of goods to be moved
46
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What was the standardization of time?
railroads switched to Greenwich mean time from local time (varied) → synchronized time all around the world
47
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Why was there railroad time?
confusing, accidents,
48
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What is the significance of steamships?
raw resources brought to England by colonies faster
49
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What is the significance of canals?
linked river systems together = reduced cost by 75% + one barge = 100 horses
50
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What was the negative to the transformation of energy?
coal demand staggered = intensive mining → exploits enviroment
51
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What was the positive to the transformation of energy?
England became global superpower
52
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What are the 4 positive effects of the IR?
class structure, labour unions, role of women, urbanization
53
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What are the 5 negative effects of the IR?
daily life, working conditions, life expectancy, living conditions, seperation of work and home
54
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What is the development in class structures?
2 classes (wealthy/peasent) → 3 classes (upper/middle/working)
55
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What was the development in the role of women?
paid 1/2 of men → feminist movements for equality
56
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What was the development in urbanization?
rural → city =massize growth in city pop
57
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What was the development in the rise of labour unions?
no gov’t regulations → unions for shorter hours, higher pay, safety, education, healthcare
58
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What was the development in daily life?
for working class life deteriorated when in cities, life was a routine of hard work, poorhouses
59
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What was the development in life expectancy?
decreased for working class, 25%-33% died before 5
60
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What was the development in living conditions?
cities: crowded, dirty, polluted, no proper streets/sewage, no clean water, slums, disease spread
61
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What was the development in working conditions?
large labour supply = conditions of work set by factory owners : long days/week, low pay, division of labour (monotonous), very dangerous
62
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What was the development in separation of home and work
in cottage era: families worked in unit to provide with equal gender roles

in factory era: work and home separated → decline of female’s economic role
63
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What was the development in socialism?
Robert Owen wanted to improve workers’ lives → rejected laissez-faire bc it didn’t address social concerns
64
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What was the development in new laws after the first wave of the IR?
correct social concerns: child labour → education, labour unions are legal, cities got sanitation and better planning