limiting access to peasants → work in cities or hired labour on farm
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What was it like after enclosing fields in the AR?
Land under tight control = more productive → food production → money
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What was the seed drill?
3 in 1 actions = increase in food production and prevented natural effects
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What was the Rotherham plough?
iron blade = easy to use and only 2 horses and 1 person → cut cost and labour time
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What are the benefits of the 4 crop rotation system?
turnips = better crops, more food → pop increase, livestock food
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What is this?
the spinning jenny, could spin multiple spindles
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What is this?
the water frame, 100 spindles, water powered = bigger buildings → first factories
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What is this?
the spinning mule, 1300 spindles
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What is this?
the power loom, weave threads
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What is this?
the cotton gin, harvest cotton
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What is the cottage industry?
goods were sold and produced locally and in a small scale
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Why was the cottage industry ineffective?
could not keep pace with growing demand by pop increase
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What is the factory industry?
factories = goods produced on large scale
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Why were factories built in cities?
cities were built on water = water power, transportation → shipping goods
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How was the pop. utilized and infleunced by factories?
AR = skilled workers in cities for factories,
success of factories = pop increase
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How did the factory system advance the IR?
factories in city = mass production + pop increase
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Why was child labour needed?
high demand in factories + low wages → children, family couldn’t afford child, some jobs are only for children
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What were the 2 waves of children?
1\. orphans → state-sponsored slavery
2\. every child → cheap labour
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What is state-sponsored slavery?
work instead of social welfare, orphans not paid but given basic needs
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What were the children’s attitudes about going to work?
Propaganda = possibility of independent worker, education, meals, housing, skills
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What types of child labour jobs are there?
chimney sweeper, textile factory worker, miner trapper boy
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Why did the gov’t respond to child labour?
grown up children formed unions, Oliver Twist, Sadler report = investigation → public shock → pressure
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Because of the pro-business gov’t, many wanted to follow the economic policy… which means…
laissez-faire/no gov’t regulations bc regulations cut into profit
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What were the working conditions for the workers?
low wages, long hours, abuse, unions illegal
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What did the gov’t do with child labour?
education replaces labour
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What was the significance of child labour in the development of the factory system?
capitalists needed cheap labour to expand, low wages = no cut in profit, some jobs are just for children
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Who were the upper class?
society, big network, old rich (inherited) or new rich (factory owners)
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Who were the middle class?
grew during the IR, father worked in professions or business
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Who were the lower middle class?
white-collar workers
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Who were the working class?
worked in trades or factory, farmers, 80%, blue-collar workers, skilled/unskilled/casual labour
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What was the energy development?
hand powered → water → coal/steam
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What are the benefits of iron?
easy/cheap to produce, build factories, England has huge supply
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What was the problem in the mines with water?
water leaked into coal lines = consistent removal → harder deeper down = can’t get coal
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What was the solution in the mines with water?
Newcomen made steam engine → adapted to power machines
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What was the significance of the steam engine in the textile factory?
factories didn’t need water power → built everywhere = faster + mass production
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Who and what are the significance of the adapted steam engine?
James Watt made it efficient → trains
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What is the significance of trains?
travel industry, army travel, info/mail travel, raw resources → factories → goods → market → sold = profit, allowed the mass production of goods to be moved
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What was the standardization of time?
railroads switched to Greenwich mean time from local time (varied) → synchronized time all around the world
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Why was there railroad time?
confusing, accidents,
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What is the significance of steamships?
raw resources brought to England by colonies faster
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What is the significance of canals?
linked river systems together = reduced cost by 75% + one barge = 100 horses
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What was the negative to the transformation of energy?