limiting access to peasants → work in cities or hired labour on farm
New cards
10
What was it like after enclosing fields in the AR?
Land under tight control = more productive → food production → money
New cards
11
What was the seed drill?
3 in 1 actions = increase in food production and prevented natural effects
New cards
12
What was the Rotherham plough?
iron blade = easy to use and only 2 horses and 1 person → cut cost and labour time
New cards
13
What are the benefits of the 4 crop rotation system?
turnips = better crops, more food → pop increase, livestock food
New cards
14
What is this?
the spinning jenny, could spin multiple spindles
New cards
15
What is this?
the water frame, 100 spindles, water powered = bigger buildings → first factories
New cards
16
What is this?
the spinning mule, 1300 spindles
New cards
17
What is this?
the power loom, weave threads
New cards
18
What is this?
the cotton gin, harvest cotton
New cards
19
What is the cottage industry?
goods were sold and produced locally and in a small scale
New cards
20
Why was the cottage industry ineffective?
could not keep pace with growing demand by pop increase
New cards
21
What is the factory industry?
factories = goods produced on large scale
New cards
22
Why were factories built in cities?
cities were built on water = water power, transportation → shipping goods
New cards
23
How was the pop. utilized and infleunced by factories?
AR = skilled workers in cities for factories,
success of factories = pop increase
New cards
24
How did the factory system advance the IR?
factories in city = mass production + pop increase
New cards
25
Why was child labour needed?
high demand in factories + low wages → children, family couldn’t afford child, some jobs are only for children
New cards
26
What were the 2 waves of children?
1\. orphans → state-sponsored slavery
2\. every child → cheap labour
New cards
27
What is state-sponsored slavery?
work instead of social welfare, orphans not paid but given basic needs
New cards
28
What were the children’s attitudes about going to work?
Propaganda = possibility of independent worker, education, meals, housing, skills
New cards
29
What types of child labour jobs are there?
chimney sweeper, textile factory worker, miner trapper boy
New cards
30
Why did the gov’t respond to child labour?
grown up children formed unions, Oliver Twist, Sadler report = investigation → public shock → pressure
New cards
31
Because of the pro-business gov’t, many wanted to follow the economic policy… which means…
laissez-faire/no gov’t regulations bc regulations cut into profit
New cards
32
What were the working conditions for the workers?
low wages, long hours, abuse, unions illegal
New cards
33
What did the gov’t do with child labour?
education replaces labour
New cards
34
What was the significance of child labour in the development of the factory system?
capitalists needed cheap labour to expand, low wages = no cut in profit, some jobs are just for children
New cards
35
Who were the upper class?
society, big network, old rich (inherited) or new rich (factory owners)
New cards
36
Who were the middle class?
grew during the IR, father worked in professions or business
New cards
37
Who were the lower middle class?
white-collar workers
New cards
38
Who were the working class?
worked in trades or factory, farmers, 80%, blue-collar workers, skilled/unskilled/casual labour
New cards
39
What was the energy development?
hand powered → water → coal/steam
New cards
40
What are the benefits of iron?
easy/cheap to produce, build factories, England has huge supply
New cards
41
What was the problem in the mines with water?
water leaked into coal lines = consistent removal → harder deeper down = can’t get coal
New cards
42
What was the solution in the mines with water?
Newcomen made steam engine → adapted to power machines
New cards
43
What was the significance of the steam engine in the textile factory?
factories didn’t need water power → built everywhere = faster + mass production
New cards
44
Who and what are the significance of the adapted steam engine?
James Watt made it efficient → trains
New cards
45
What is the significance of trains?
travel industry, army travel, info/mail travel, raw resources → factories → goods → market → sold = profit, allowed the mass production of goods to be moved
New cards
46
What was the standardization of time?
railroads switched to Greenwich mean time from local time (varied) → synchronized time all around the world
New cards
47
Why was there railroad time?
confusing, accidents,
New cards
48
What is the significance of steamships?
raw resources brought to England by colonies faster
New cards
49
What is the significance of canals?
linked river systems together = reduced cost by 75% + one barge = 100 horses
New cards
50
What was the negative to the transformation of energy?
Studied by 13 people
Note 
Flashcard (73)