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Enlightenment
reason over tradition and individualism over community value
Laissez-faire
a French phrase for “leave alone”
Capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and are operated for profit
Nationalism
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture
Socialism
a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production
Philosphes
group of thinkers and writers
Conservatism
a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories
Social Contract
give up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order
Classical Liberalism
a belief in natural right, constitutional government, laissez-faire economic, and reduced spending on armies and established churches
Zionism
the desire of Jews to reestablish on independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East
Abolitionism
the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people
John Locke
was the author of “Two Treaties of Government” and views political life as the result of social contract.
Adam Smith
one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightment
Baron Montesquieu
his ideas help the creation of new constitutions in France and America to be built.
Jean-Jacques Rosseau
expanded the ideas of the social contract
Reign of Terror
a period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution
Simon Bolivar
a creole that pushed for Enlightment ideals in Latin America
Propaganda Movement
not caused for revolution or independence, when magazines, pamphlets, and other publications advocating for greater autonomy for the Philippines
Realpolitik
belief in the practical politics of reality
immigrants
the movement of people into the countries from other countries
Ottomanism
a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state
Industrialization
the increased mechanization of production
Cottage Industry
known as putting-out system, which merchants provides raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their homes
Enclosure Movement
government fenced off the commons to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased land
Second Industrial Revolution
occurred in the late 19th and early 20th, developments of the revolution were in steel, chemicals, precision machinery and electronics
Meiji Restoration
an event in which Japanese overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor in 1868
Corporations
a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders
Stockholders
individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through stock market
Bessemar Process
a more efficient way to produce steel
Labor Unions
organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract
Utilitarianism
mill’s philosophy, was legal reforms to allow labor union, limit child labor and ensure safe working conditions in factories
Communist Manifesto
a pamphlet published by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that summarized their critique of capitalism
Proletariat
working class, working in factories and mines
Bourgeoisie
middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods
Millet
separate legal courts established by different religious communities
Self-Strengthening Movement
China’s major reform efforts, developed a way for the government to face the internal and external problems confronting China
White Collar
those held by office workers
Tenements
apartment buildings, often owned by factory owners
Slums
areas of cities where low-income families were forced to live
Mass Production
made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible to a greater number of people then ever before
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