VCE Health & Human Development Unit 2 Exam revision

Conception

The moment when two gametes (sperm and the egg) meet and combine genetic information.

3 stages of prenatal development

Germinal (conception to implantation)

Embryonic (implantation [2 weeks] to end of week 8)

Foetal (end of week 8 to birth)

Environmental factors that could cause prenatal abnormalities

Smoke from cigarettes

Alcohol consumption

First principle of HD

Development requires change

changes in physical shape, body proportions

Second principle of HD

Early development is essential for later development

lift head before rolling over, crawling or walking

Third principle of HD

Rates of development are unique

everyody is different

Fourth principle of HD

Development involves maturation and learning

brain has to develop before a baby can talk

holding a pencil before drawing or writing

Fifth principle of HD

Patterns of development are orderly and predictable

cephalocaudal & proximodistal laws

Sixth principle of HD

Development is continuous

development continues from conception to death

Percentile charts

A way to compare the height and weight of a child against other children of the same age, gender, etc.

How has the SIDS campaign impacted on infant deaths?

It has had a huge positive impact on infant deaths, reducing them by around 70% in Australia, and raising awareness of SIDS

Behavioural determinants of children's health

Vaccinations

Sunscreen

Physical Activity

Food intake

Physical environmental determinants of children's health

Access to recreation

Fluoridation in water

SES on Physical Health

Unemployment means not enough money to buy healthy food - low SES families more likely to buy fast food

Uneducated - may not have the knowledge to make good choices for their children

SES on Social Health

Low-income or single parent families - miss out on school excursions/camps/activities, risk of bullying, can impact on Social Health

SES on Mental Health

Low SES families usually have lower satisfaction with life, can pass on to children.

Unemployed or single-parent families - the children more susceptible to bullying

SES on Physical Dev.

Uneducated parents may not have the resources to support their children early in life, affecting their growth.

May not encourage exercise, which could impact on growth

SES on Intellectual Dev.

Uneducated parents may not encourage their children to go to school every day, which affects intellectual development

SES on Social Dev.

If they aren't at school, they won't learn how to behave around others, or how to make friends

SES on Emotional Dev.

Not attending school - unable to form meaningful relationships

3 stages of adulthood

Early adulthood - 18 to 39

Middle adulthood - 40 to 64

Late adulthood - 65+

Social and Emotional Dev. during adulthood

Moving out of home

Starting a new family

Forming intimate relationships with others

Becoming parents/grandparents

Physical dev. during late adulthood

Signs of ageing

Weakening of muscles and bones

Slowing of reaction rates

Concerns due to ageing population

Good quality, affordable aged care

Support for carers

Obesity impacts on health

Restricted mobility

Feelings of embarrassment or shame

Possible depression

Reason for increase in dementia rates in Aust.

Ageing population

Medicare

Australia's nationally funded health scheme, which aims to provide free or low-cost healthcare for Australians. Funded in part by the Medicare Surcharge Levy (1.5% of taxable income)

Two services covered by Medicare

Doctors consultation fees

Eye tests performed by an optometrist

Two services not covered by Medicare

Ambulance services

Dental examinations/treatments

Responsibility of local govt in healthcare

Providing a healthy and safe community environment

Responsibility of State govt in health care

Mental health

Dental Health

Services for children/youth/families

Responsibility of Commonwealth govt. in healthcare

Provision of Medicare

Advantages of Medicare

Free or low-cost health care

Disadvantage of Medicare

It doesn't cover some services such as ambulance services or dentistry

Medicare 'Safety Net'

Financial assistance for high costs for out-of-hospital expenses that attract a Medicare benefit

Private Health Insurance (PHI)

Can be taken out by individuals, covers services not covered by Medicare

Private Hospital Cover

Covers costs of private hospitals, can choose your own doctor

Ancillary cover

Covers a range of out-of-hospital expenses, can include ambulance cover

Advantage of PHI

Choose your own doctor/hospital

Disadvantage of PHI

High costs

Services covered by PHI but not Medicare

Dentistry and physiotherapy

Incentives to take out PHI

PHI rebate (30%)

Reduction of Medicare Surcharge Levy (if you earn over $80 000 p.a. and don't have PHI, it's 1.5% of your taxable income)

Govt reasons to encourage PHI

Takes pressure off public hospital system

Saves the govt money