Logical Fallacies

Either-Or

This fallacy occurs when only two extreme options are presented as the only possible outcomes, ignoring other viable alternatives.

Hasty Generalization

A conclusion drawn based on insufficient or biased evidence, often using a small or unrepresentative sample.

Appealing to Ignorance

This fallacy asserts that a claim is true because it hasn’t been proven false, or vice versa.

Bandwagon

Argues something is true or right because it’s popular or widely believed.

False Authority

Occurs when someone without expertise on a topic is presented as an authority figure.

Ad Hominem

Attacks the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself.

Slippery Slope

Assumes that one small action will inevitably lead to extreme and undesirable outcomes, without evidence.

False/Faulty Causality

Assumes that because one event followed another, the first caused the second.

Red Herring

Introduces an irrelevant topic to distract from the original issue.

Appeals to Pity

Attempts to manipulate an audience's emotions to win an argument rather than using valid reasoning.

Straw Man

Misrepresents or oversimplifies someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.

Non-Sequitur

A conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or premise.

Scare Tactics

Uses fear to influence an audience’s reaction, rather than using logic or evidence.