Week 8 Lecture Quick Review

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and processes related to blood and the heart, based on the lecture notes.

Blood

A type of connective tissue that consists of plasma and formed elements.

Blood plasma

The liquid component of blood that makes up about 55% of its volume.

Hematocrit

The proportion of blood volume that is occupied by blood cells, roughly 45%.

Red blood cell norm

Normal count of red blood cells in a cubic millimeter is 4.5 to 6.0 million.

White blood cell norm

Normal count of white blood cells in a cubic millimeter is 5,000 to 11,000.

Platelets

Formed elements produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, essential for blood coagulation.

Platelet norm

Normal count of platelets in a cubic millimeter is 130,000 to 360,000.

Lifespan of red blood cells

The normal lifespan of a red blood cell is approximately 120 days.

Anemia

A condition that can be caused by a decrease in red blood cell count or decrease in hemoglobin.

Granulocytes

A type of white blood cell that includes eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils.

Agranulocytes

A type of white blood cell that includes lymphocytes and monocytes.

Eosinophils

A white blood cell (leukocyte→ granulocyte) with distinct bright orange-red cytoplasmic granules, increased in allergic and parasitic reactions.

Neutrophils

The most abundant type of white blood cell (granulocyte), increased in acute bacterial infections.

Basophils

A type of white blood cell (granulocyte) that secretes histamine during inflammatory reactions.

Lymphocytes

(Agranulocyte) White blood cells that increase in viral infections, divided into T and B lymphocytes.

T lymphocytes

Immune cells that directly attack infectious agents.

B lymphocytes

Immune cells that transfer into plasma cells to secrete antibodies to fight.

Fibrous pericardium

The tough outer layer of the pericardium surrounding the heart.

Serous pericardium

The inner layer of the pericardium, divided into parietal and visceral layers.

Epicardium

The visceral (inner) layer of the serous pericardium.

Myocardium

The muscular layer of the heart responsible for contractions- cardiac muscles are present in the myocardium

Left atrioventricular valve

Also known as the mitral valve, unique to the left atrium and is lying between the left atrium and left ventricle

Tricuspid valve

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart.

Pulmonary Circuit

carries oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium into the right ventricle 

(Left and right) Coronary arteries

The blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle.

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

The 'pacemaker' of the heart found in the sinoatrial node (SA Node) which is embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium.

Tunica interna

The innermost layer of blood vessels.

Tunica media

The muscular middle layer of blood vessels.

Tunica externa

The outermost layer of blood vessels.

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients, and water products occur

Aorta

The main artery that carries blood away from the heart.

Brachiocephalic trunk

The artery that branches from the aorta and divides into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. The arch of the aorta from right to left gives rise to Brachiocephalic trunk

Internal Carotid artery

The major source of blood supply for the brain.

Femoral artery

Continues as popliteal artery in popliteal fossa. Continuation of the external iliac artery in the thigh

Great saphenous vein

The longest vein in the body, beginning in the foot and ending in the thigh.

Median cubital vein

The vein that communicates between the basilic and cephalic veins.

Hepatic vein

The blood vessel that drains blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava.

Thoracic duct

The major lymphatic vessel that collects lymph from both sides of the body below the diaphragm.

B cells

Immune cells that can transfer into plasma cells which are responsible for the production and secretion of antibodies

Spleen

The largest lymphoid organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.

Does a red blood cell have a nucleus?

No

White Blood Cells

Also known as WBC or Leucocytes, are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

What plays a key role in blood coagulation?

Platelets

Name the layers of the heart from outside to inside

fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium

Outer most layer of the Serous Pericardium

Parietal Pericardium

Inner layer of serous pericardium

visceral layer also known as epicardium

Endocardium

Lines the internal surface of the heart wall

Chambers of the heart

Two atria and two ventricles

Semilunar Valves

present in the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Right Atrium

Receives blood from systemic circuit and the superior and inferior vena cava and cornory sinus carry oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium.

Inferior Vena Cava

delivers venous blood from the tissues and organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and from the lower limbs.

Where does the left ventricle pump?

Pumps blood into the systemic circuit through the ascending aorta. Blood exiting the left ventricle must pass through the aortic valve.

When the right ventricle contracts…

it pushes blood to the pulmonary trunk. 

Pulmonary Circuit

blood enters the pulmonary trunk directly from the RIGHT VENTRICLE. Blood leaves the right ventricle through the PULMONARY VALVE to reach the capillaries supplying the lungs

Pulmonary veins return…

oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.

Conducting System Sequence

sinoatrial node, AV node, AV bundles, Purkinje fibers.

Arteries

Carry blood away from heart

Veins

Carry blood to the heart

Venules

collect blood from capillaries

Asending aorta arises from…

left ventricle

What arises from the ascending aorta?

right and left coronary ateries

The arch of the Aorta (right to left)

gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery,

Carotid arteries supply…

head and neck

Subclavian Artery

continues as Axillary Artery which continues as brachial artery

Brachial Artery

supplies upper arm and divides into Radial and Ulnar arteries.

Ulnar & Radius arteries

supply forearm and Hand

Arch of Aorta

continues as Descending Thoracic Aorta which becomes Abdominal Aorta in the Abdomen after passing through diaphragm.

Abdominal Aorta

Divides into 2 terminal branches: left & right common iliac arteries

Main Branches of Abdominal Aorta

Renal, supra renal, Gonadal, Coeliac, Superior & Inferior Mesenteric arteries

Mesentric Arteries

Supply intestines

Common Iliac Arteries

Divide into external and internal arteries

Popliteal Artery

Divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries which supply the leg

Where does the anterior tibial artery become the dorsalis pedis artery?

At the ankle

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

Supplies the foot

Deep veins of Lower Limb

Anterior and Posterior tibial veins, popliteal vein, femoral vein

Femoral Vein

continues as External iliac vein and join the internal iliac vein to form Common Iliac Vein.

What joins to form the Interior vena cava?

the right and left common iliac veins

Superficial veins of the upper limb

Include basilic vein and cephalic vein

Deep veins of the Upper Limb

Radial, Ulnar, Brachial, and Axillary veins.

Axillary Vein

Continues as subclavian vein in the neck

Internal Jugular Vein

the main vein located vertically in the neck and draining the blood from head and neck.

What joins to create the brachiocephalic vein?

Internal Jugular vein and Subclavian Vein

What joins to form Superior Vena Cava?

Right and left brachiocephalic

Where is blood from the gastrointestinal tract drained?

Into the portal vein which carries the blood to the liver for detoxification

What drains into the cisterna chyli?

intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks

NK (Natural Killer) Cells

Attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells that appear in normal tissues