Italy Knowledge Builder

In 1911, what percentage of men in Italy could vote?

25%

The new Italian state used an old constitution from which Italian state?

Piedmont

What percentage of the population in the North had access to primary education?

80%

How many more railways were there in the north compared to the south?

40,000 km more in the north

How many people died of a Cholera outbreak in the city of Naples in 1911?

25,000

Which three northern cities form the Industrial triangle in the north?

Milan, Turin, Genoa

What was the main occupation of southern Italians?

Agriculture

What proportion of the population of Sicily eventually left Italy, usually for the USA?

1/3

When did the Pope lift the ban on Catholics voting in the Liberal Government?

1909

Why did the Pope lift the ban on Catholics voting in the Liberal Government?

Concerns over the rise of socialism

Describe the soil in the south of Italy in one word?

Exhausted

What resources did Italy not have much of?

Oil, wood, iron

How many Prime Ministers were there in Italy between 1870 and 1911?

29

What is the Italian word for the use of bribery and corruption in order to gain and stay in power?

Trasformismo

On how many occasions was Giolitti Prime Minister of Italy?

5

When did the PSI form in Italy?

1892

Who was the leader of the PSI once formed?

Filippo Turati

When did the ANI form in Italy?

1910

Italy had suffered devastating defeats in Abyssinia on two occasions. Name both years.

1884, 1896

What African State did Giolitti invade in 1911?

Libya

Name one way in which Giolitti tried to win over the Catholics?

Got rid of the divorce bill, promoted Catholic interests in education

Name two reforms Giolitti made to the Socialists in order to win their support

Compulsory accident insurance in industrial work paid for by the employer, non-compulsory national insurance fund for health and old-age (1898), banning employment of children under 12 (1901), 11 hour work days for women (1902), introduction of a maternity fund (1903), non-intervention in labour disputes & establishment of arbitration courts (1906)

Which group did Giolitti find the hardest to work with (Nationalists, Socialists or Catholics)?

Nationalists

Why did Giolitti find it hard to work with the Nationalists

They viewed Giolitti and liberals as weak and needed to be overthrown

In what way were the PSI split? (How did they not agree?)

Reformists wanted to work with Giolitti, maximalists wanted violent revolution

In what way was the franchise extended in 1913?

Vote extended to all men who had completed military service & all men over 30 regardless of literacy 

Who gained support as a result of the franchise extension in 1913?

PSI

In what year did Giolitti join an alliance with Austria Hungary and Germany?

1882

What is the meaning of the word Irredentism?

Italian unification should continue until all Italian speaking territories were united as part of Italy

What two reasons were there for invading Libya in 1911?

To prevent the French from going back on an earlier deal to allow Italy access to Libya, and to gain a colony to pander to the nationalists

In what year did the French beat the Italians to gain Tunisia?

1882

Complete the phrase. Bismarck said that Italy had “a large appetite but…”

Poor teeth

How did Giolitti stay in power in 1913?

Alliance with Catholic deputies

What was Red Week?

Week of socialist violence in June 1914

When was Red Week?

June 1914

Which group in Italy paid the most taxes in proportion to their earnings?

Lower classes

Define the Intervention Crisis

Debate of whether or not to join WW1- some wanted to stay out and consolidate Italy’s position after Libya but some wanted the glory

Why did Giolitti resign in 1914?

Trasformismo fell apart, lost the election, struggled to gain support through bribery as he once had

Who replaced Giolitti in 1914?

Salandra

Name the Treaty that brought Italy into the First World War?

Treaty of London

What were Italy promised for their participation in the First World War?

Irredente land (Trieste, South Tyrol, Dalmatia), £50 million in cash, possible reparations and possibly German colonies

Name one politician in favour of Italy entering the First World War and one in favour of Italy staying neutral?

Salandra for, Giolitti against

Where was the First World War fought for the Italians and the Austro-Hungarians?

Alps

For how long was Italy and Austria in a stalemate?

2 years 1915-17

Who was the Commander of the Italian forces (up to 1917)?

Cadorna

Describe Cadorna’s tactics and approach to troops

Dictatorial, harsh, unforgiving, disciplinarian

How many offensives were there over the Isonzo River?

11 (12 including Caporetto)

Who was the Commander of the Italian forces after 1917?

Diaz

What reforms did Diaz make to the army to boost morale?

Trench newsletter, more leave, land for peasants if successful in war

How many soldiers vanished after the Battle of Caporetto?

400,000

Which group from Italy made up most of the conscripts into the Italian Army?

5\.6 million peasant farmers

Why was the army being made up of mainly peasant farmers an issue?

No motivation, saw it as the north’s problem

How many peasant farmers were conscripted in WW1?

5\.6 million

What difficulties did Italy face in the First World War

Lack of resources, slow mobilisation, poor uniforms, language barriers, morale, poor leaders

How had Italy paid for the war effort?

Debt, printing money

How much debt was Italy in after WW1?

83\.9 billion lira

What phrase became associated with the Italian war effort and their (lack of) returns/reward for having taken part?

Mutilated victory

What were the Southern Peasants promised for their participation in the war effort, which they did not receive?

Land

Why were Italy not allowed the Irredenta lands which they had been promised at the Treaty of London in 1915?

A clause in the TOL which said Italy would gain respective to her efforts - then GB said they had not tried hard enough

Which Italian Prime Minister walked out of the negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles? (Which made him look good and strong in the first place but weak in the long term as it had no impact whatsoever on the actions of the Allies)

Orlando

Who replaced Orlando as PM?

Nitti

Which famous Italian poet occupied the port of Fiume?

D’Annunzio

How many Futurists took part in the seizing of Fiume?

2000

How long did the occupier stay in Fiume?

15 months

What did the occupation of Fiume incident do for Liberal popularity?

Collapsed

What was the Biennio Rosso?

2 Red Years

How many members did the socialist union have by 1920?

2 million

How many more people were given the vote after WW1?

13 million

What system of voting did the government change to after WW1?

PR

What percentage of the vote did the PSI gain in 1919?

30%

Who was the second biggest party in 1919?

PPI

How many votes did the *Fasci* get in 1919?

5000

What was the abbreviation of the new party set up by Mussolini?

PNF

What was squadrismo?

Squad violence

Which individuals were in the Ras?

Farinacci, Balbo, Bianchi, Vecchi, Grandi

Which 2 of the 5 Ras were the most powerful/notorious?

Farinacci, Balbo

Name a favoured punishment for the socialists, used by the Ras and squads

Forced people to drink engine oil, carried pistols and clubs

Name 3 policies dropped from the programme of the *Fasci di Combattimento* in the process of moving the party to the right

Anti-monarchy, anti-clerical, anti-capitalism

What kind of person might be susceptible to joining the *Squadrismo*?

Young, revolutionary, students, hard right, peasants with land

Where did the squads and Ras have the biggest impact? (Geographical area or the name of a small town is fine)

Rural north, outskirts of Rome

Why did some amongst the business and landed elite support the actions of the Squads and Ras?

Seen as police force against the PSI - whose actions were unchecked by the Liberals

Why did some newly landed (just bought their own plot of land) peasants support Mussolini?

Did not want to lose the land which they had recently gained as some radical communists were calling for the dissolution of the propertied class

What did Mussolini’s vote increase to in 1921 (because of the move to the right, the new party name and the new party programme)?

30,000

What was Mussolini’s dual policy?

Violence and legality

When was the March on Rome?

30th-31st October 1922

Name one location taken over by the squads/Ras in the run-up to the March on Rome

Bologna

Name the Prime Minister before the March on Rome

Facta

What was the Facta’s plan to deal with the Fascists?

Martial Law

What was King Victor Emmanuel III afraid of in 1922?

Civil war, being deposed in favour of the pro-fascist Duke of Aosta

What did Mussolini do to appear calm after the March on Rome?

Unplugged his telephone, went to the theatre

How many Fascists were in Mussolini’s first cabinet (after his appointment in 1922)?

2

How did Mussolini appeal to the Catholic Church once in power (give 2 examples)?

Pay rise for clergy, allowed crucifixes back in schools

How did Mussolini deal with the ANI once in power?

Absorbed ANI in February 1923, making the PNF the only right leaning party

Who was the leader of the PPI?

Luigi Sturzo

What did Sturzo do after the Pope switched his support from the PPS to the PNF?

Resigned

Name the institutions set up by Mussolini in 1922 to appeal to the Ras and Squads. (Made them look good but also stopped them interfering)

MVSN, Fascist Grand Council

Name the institution set up to legalise the Fascist Squads

MVSN

What would the Acerbo Law do?

Give 2/3 of the seats to the party that got over 25% of the vote

What percentage of the Vote did Mussolini (PNF) get in 1924?

60%

On what date was Matteotti’s body found?

16th August 1924