lab 4

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Axial Skeleton: The central core of the human skeleton that consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

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Body of Vertebra: The large, cylindrical part of a vertebra that bears weight.

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Vertebral Arch: The structure that completes the vertebral foramen, providing a protective arch over the spinal cord.

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Pedicle: The short projections that connect the vertebral body to the vertebral arch.

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Lamina: The flat section of bone that forms the back part of the vertebral arch.

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Vertebral Foramen: The opening formed by the vertebral arch and body through which the spinal cord passes.

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Vertebral Canal: The passage formed by the stacked vertebral foramina through which the spinal cord runs.

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Spinous Process: The bony projection off the back of each vertebra.

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Transverse Process: The projections on either side of a vertebra that serve as attachment points for muscles.

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Superior Articular Facet: The flattened surface on the vertebra that articulates with the vertebra above.

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Inferior Articular Facet: The flattened surface on the vertebra that articulates with the vertebra below.

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Intervertebral Foramen: The openings between adjacent vertebrae through which spinal nerves exit the vertebral column.

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Intervertebral Disc: The fibrocartilaginous structure that sits between vertebrae, acting as a shock absorber.

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Cervical Vertebra: The seven vertebrae in the neck region, labeled C1 to C7.

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Atlas: The first cervical vertebra that supports the skull.

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Axis: The second cervical vertebra, which allows the head to rotate.

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Transverse Foramen: The openings in cervical vertebrae that allow for the passage of the vertebral arteries and veins.

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Thoracic Vertebra: The twelve vertebrae in the upper back, labeled T1 to T12, attached to the ribs.

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Lumbar Vertebra: The five vertebrae in the lower back, labeled L1 to L5.

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Sacrum: The large, triangular bone at the base of the spine formed by the fusion of five vertebrae.

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Ala: The wing-like projections on either side of the sacrum.

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Body of Sacrum: The anterior portion of the sacrum that articulates with the lumbar vertebrae.

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Anterior Sacral Foramina: The openings on the front of the sacrum for the sacral nerves.

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Posterior Sacral Foramina: The openings on the back of the sacrum for the exit of the sacral nerves.

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Median Sacral Crest: The ridge formed by the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae.

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Coccyx: The small, triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column, commonly referred to as the tailbone.

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Sternum: The breastbone, which connects the rib bones via cartilage.

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Manubrium: The upper section of the sternum, which articulates with the clavicles.

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Body of Sternum: The central part of the sternum where most ribs are attached.

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Xiphoid Process: The small, cartilaginous extension at the lower end of the sternum.

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Sternal (Jugular) Notch: The visible dip at the top of the manubrium between the collarbones.

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Sternal Angle: The angle formed between the manubrium and body of the sternum.

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Rib 1: The first rib, which is unique in its short length and attachment.

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Rib 7: A typical rib that is often used as a reference point for other ribs.

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Rib 12: The last rib that is a floating rib, not directly attached to the sternum.

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True Rib: Ribs 1-7 that attach directly to the sternum.

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False Rib: Ribs 8-10 that attach to the sternum indirectly via costal cartilage.

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Head of Rib: The end of the rib that articulates with the vertebra.

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Neck of Rib: The narrow section of the rib just after the head.

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Tubercle of Rib: The bony bump on the rib that articulates with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra.

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Costal Cartilage: The hyaline cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum.