Exam #2 Lifespan Development (copy)

Birth Defeat

A physical or neurological problem that occurs prenatally or at birth

Teratogen

A substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus

Sensitive Period

The time when a body structure is most vulnerable to damage by a teratogen

Teratogens

are most likely to cause major structural damage during the embryonic stage.

Teratogens

can affect the developing brain during pregnancy

FAS

moderate to heavy drinking during pregnancy

FAS effects

heart defects, low birthrate, learning disabilities, behavior problems, and impaired growth

Prenatal deprivation of nutrients

exposure to intense stress results impaired growth that primes the infant to expect deprivation, eat excessively, or store fat

Fetal programming research

new research discipline exploring the impact of fetal development

Autosomes

extra chromosomes

Down Syndrome

The most common chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability, heart disease, other health problems and distinctive physical characteristics

Polygenic

determined by multiple genes

Multi-factoral

determined by the genes and the environment

Dominant Disorder

An illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder

Recessive disorder

inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder

Sex-linked single- gene disorder

Leaves the female offspring unaffected but has a 50/50 chance of striking each male child

Hemophilia

Hemophilia is usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly

Co-dominance

both genes exert influence

Genetic Counseling

familial patterns of genetic disease

Prenatal tests

MRI’S, ultrasound, chronic villus sampling, and amniocentesis

Infertility

the inability to conceive after a year of unprotected sex

Assisted reproductive technology

Any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb

In Vitro Fertilization

An infertility treatment in which conception occurs outside the womb

Huge impact on ART

the mother’s age

Stage 1 on birth

Dilation and effacement

Stage 2 on birth

the actual birthing process

Stage 3 on birth

Expulsion of the placenta

What does the cervix need to dilate to?

10 cm

When can you request a epidural?

3-4 cm (usually before 5)

Breech

buttocks are down. generally use a c-section

Eighteenth century to nineteenth century

Midwives; child-bred fever; primitive forceps; contagious diseases

Early twentieth century

modern hospital birth’ obstetrics; impersonal; assembly-line hospital procedures

Natural childbirth options

certified midwife, Douala, Lamaze method, Bradley method

Medical Interventions

epistolary, epidural, electronic fetal monitor, and c-section

Lamaze

Lamaze is popularly known for its rhythmic breathing exercises that reduce heart rate, anxiety, and pain perception during labor

Bradley Method

does the above and calming experience for baby to be born

C-section

surgical delivery through abdominal wall

Reasons for getting a c-section

breech, baby too large, labor not processing, and baby in distress

Low birth weight

less than 5.5 pounds at birth

Very low birth weight

less than 3.25 pounds at birth

Neonatal intensive care unit

A special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as low-birth weight and very-low-birth-weight babies

Preterm

before 37 weeks

Small-for-date

smaller than normal for gestational age

Small-for-date tend to have what?

more health problems than pre-term

Risks for low birth weight

death, and illness, delayed development, lower IQ, higher risk for diabetes and obesity (chronic illness).

Cerebral cortex

The outer, folded mantle of the brain, is responsible for thinking previewing and all conscious responses.

Synapse

gap between axon terminal and dendrite

Synaptogenesis

creation of synapses

myelination

fatty outters covering of axon speeds neural transmission

Dendrite

a branching fiber that receives information and conducts impulses toward the cell body of the neuron

Axon

a long nerve fiber usually conducts impulses away from the cell body of the neuron

Synaptic pruning

elimination of unneeded synapses. synapses that are used are maintained (use it or lose it).

Brain plasticity demonstrates what

the epigenetic nature-combines-with nurture principle in early life

Brain plasticity

flexibility of function. highest in infancy and declines with age.

Basic Brain Principles

Development progresses in its own neurological time.

Stimulation molds neurons.

The brain continues to develop throughout life.

Eating

the basis of living

Babinski reflex

stroke a baby’s foot and her toes turn outward

stepping reflex

place a baby’s feet on a hard surface and she takes small steps

swimming reflex

if placed underwater, newborns can hold their breath and make swimming motions

Reflexes

automatic, in born behaviors that happen in response to specific stimuli

Survival

sucking and rooting. replaced with voluntary behaviors

Primitive

moro, babinski, disappear completely. origin is in the brain stem.

Development of cerebral cortex

suppresses newborn reflexes

Breast-feeding

Breast-feeding survival value is seen in world regions lacking clean water and food.

Survival may also be confounded by maternal commitment and social class; data are correlational and do not control for maternal motivation.

Other reasons for breast-feeding length

social stigma, and physical pain often reduce breast-feeding length.

What is breast-feeding

feeding transfer of immunities through breast milk

Malnutrition in the developing world

stunting of growth, and severe food insecurity

Stunting

below 5th percentile for height serious long term lack of calories, nutrients.

food insecurity

some degree of food insecurity in 12% of US population

SNAP

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program/ Food Stamps

WIC

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

CACFP

Child and Adult Care Food Program

Sign of malnutrition in three regions

Africa, southeast Asia, and south central Asia

Crying

the first communication signal

Colic

immature nervous system extended period of crying with no apparent cause

More about Colic

Continual crying during the first 3 months of life may signal colic; excessive crying after this may signal cause for concern

What quiets a young baby?

Rocking, picking up, feeding, satisfying the need to suck

Skin-to-skin contact

Kangaroo care

Infant massage

Cuddling

Sleeping

The main newborn state

How much sleep do newborns get?

Newborn sleep patterns adapt to the human world.

Approximately 6 hours at 6 months; 12 hours at 1 year; full night sleep by preschool

How is infant sleep physiologically different?

immediate entry into REM

Primary sleep stage until adolescence

Sleep problems for infants

Chronic sleep problems created by bidirectional parent-child impact

Person–environment fit is important

What age do babies need to self soothe?

by about 5-6 months need to be able to self soothe and get themselves back to sleep.

Behaviorist for baby self soothing

Teaching not to cry; crying not reinforced; comfort not encouraged

Bowlby and Erickson

Sensitive responding; basic trust building; unconditional love provided

Individualistic cultures

Behaviorists: Excessive dependency

Freudian theorists: Risk for sexual abuse

Collectivist

crucial for healthy infant development

Current research perspective

Results are inconclusive. Person-environment fit important. Mid-way approach used by many. (babies are close by but not in bed with parents).

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

1 in 1,000 U.S. deaths during first months of life; top cause worldwide

Sids

most common cause of death for children under 1.

Causes of sids

Brain region abnormalities, biological pre-birth problems, and smothering.

Strategies

Back to sleep campaign, and baby sleeping basket.

Small-for-date

higher risk, preterm, bedding, and stomach sleeping

Preferential-looking paradigm

explores early infant sensory capacities and cognition, we are attracted to novelty and prefer to look at new things

Habituation

The predictable loss of interest that develops once a stimulus becomes familiar; used to explore infant sensory capacities and thinking.

Face-perception studies

Research using preferential looking and habituation to explore what very young babies know about faces.

Fear-bias

The human tendency to be hypersensitive to fearful facial cues that, by alerting us to danger, may prevent us from getting injured or killed.

Newborn vision

20/400 very poor. clearest focus 10'“ or 50.

When does fear bias start?

Around 8 months and less sensitive to different ethnic groups around 9 months.

Social Cognition

understanding what other people are thinking. includes understanding intentions

Information-processing approach

divides thinking into specific steps and component processes.