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1715
The Enlightenment
1730-1760
The Great Awakening
1756-1763
7 years war/French and Indian War
May 1789
Estates General Meets/French Revolution Begins
July 14, 1789
Storming of the Bastille
1812
Invasion of Russia
June 1815
Battle of Waterloo
Immanuel Kant (philosophe)
coined term 'enlightenment'
John Locke
Believed in empiricism
Empiricism
truth through experience
Montesquieu
wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government
Voltaire
"Father of the Enlightenment"
was a deist who believed in rationalism and was a critic of christianity
Deism
belief God created and exists but played no role in humanity
Rationalism
reason over tradition
Dennis Diderot
Wrote the encyclopedia which was the main spread of enlightenment
David Hume
Believed in passion over reason for human nature. wrote the treatise on human nature
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism attacked mercantilism
Rosseau
"Father of French Romanticism"
- most important Enlightenment figure
- believed enlightened society made people worse
Four Key ideas of Rousseau
1. Commerce + society bring out our worse.
(return to 'noble savage')
2. General will (MOST IMPORTANT IDEA)
(community needs before individual needs, was freedom to Rousseau)
3. Ideas on Education
(no social construct)
4. Romanticism
(heart over head, feeling over reason)
Philipp Spener
a german lutheran pastor, became concerned about the spiritual coldness and lack of moral consciousness in germany, began Piest movement
August Francke
A professor at the University of Halle who became a leader in the training of Pietist pastors and missionaries.
Moravians
members of a Christian group in Germany who sent out some of the first missionaries of modern times
Count Nicholas Von Zinzendorf
a young German nobleman who was trained at the Pietist University of Halle in Germany (moravian)
Act of Unity
All English ministers had to submit to state
John Wesley
English clergyman and founder of Methodism (bible studies)
Jonathan Edwards
Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"
George Whitefield
Credited with starting the Great Awakening, hosted outdoor revivals and acted out bible scenes
Results of Great Awakening
- churches / missioned more
- education more universities
- religious / political liberty
Natural Rights
Privileges that come from God and are available to all people
What leaders did not impose Enlightenment ideas?
Frederick II (Prussia)
Joseph II (Austria, abolished serfdom and supported education)
Catherine the Great (Russia)
Louis XV
grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)
Hanoverians
a new dynasty in Britain after the last Stuart ruler, Queen Anne, died without an heir
George I
1700's was a German Protestant prince who spoke no English, therefore completely let Parliament have control and started the Cabinet, which was a handful of Parliament advisers
Robert Walpole
Prime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.
George II
A king of Britain who knew little of the workings of the British government and relied on Walpole and Pitt the Elder
George III
English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.
War of Austrian Succession
This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state
(Prussia/France vs. Austria/Britain)
Seven Years' War
worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land
The Ancien Régime
old order; system of government in pre-revolution France
Louis XVI
King of France during the French Revolution
Immediate cause of French Revolution
- Near collapse of finances
Assembly of Notables
A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king of France to discuss reform of the government. Tried to get clergy to allow tax on them.
Estates General
An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
The Tennis Court Oath
A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
Civil Constitution of Clergy
Priests had to swear allegiance to state
Jacobins
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. Wanted to eliminate king entirely
Brunswick Manifesta
Solidified ideas that king is collaborating with enemy
Paris Commune (sans-culottes)
The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War
Sans-Culottes: In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages
National Convention
Declared France a republic
Grodins
Wanted king to be kept alive
Mountains
Wanted king dead (won in the end)
French Motto
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death"
Committee of Public Safety
Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.
Maximillian Robespierre
is one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution in 1794.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Napoleonic Wars
A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
Battle of Leipzig
Also known as the Battle of the Nations; in October 1813, the combined armies of the fourth coaliton decisively defeated Napoleon and the French army
Battle of Trafalgar
an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.
Hundred Days
The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France
Waterloo
The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power
Olive Branch Petition
State colonists are loyal to Britain but king must respect their liberties
Prohibitory Act
Colonists no longer protected under crown
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
James Madison
"Father of the US Constitution"
Articles of Confederation
A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War, inability to tax, no judiciary.
Shay's Rebellion
Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
Philadelphia Convention
Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison.
Great Compromise
agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation
Four Principals of Constitution
1. Separation of power (reduce tyranny)
2. Federalism (enhance liberty)
3. Checks and Balances (ensure cooperation)
4. Bill of Rights (list freedoms)
Premable of the constitution
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I
Legislative Branch
(House originates bills for revenue)
(Senate conducts impeachment trial)
(power to declare war, lay+collect taxes, Necessary and Proper Clause)
Article II
Executive Branch
Electoral College + Electoral powers
Article III
Judicial Branch
(Nature of Judiciary/powers)
Article IV
States
-mutual good faith+credit clause
- citizens of states
- new states
- republican gov for all states
Article V
Amendment Process
Proposal -> Approval -> Ratification -> Law
Article VI
Supremacy Clause
Article VII
Ratification of the Constitution
1st Amendment
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
2nd Amendment
Right to bear arms
3rd Amendment
No quartering of soldiers
4th Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
5th Amendment
The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process
6th Amendment
The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person
7th Amendment
Right to jury in civil trials.
8th Amendment
No cruel or unusual punishment
9th Amendment
Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution
10th Amendment
Powers Reserved to the States
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