US History Test 1 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

1715

The Enlightenment

1730-1760

The Great Awakening

1756-1763

7 years war/French and Indian War

May 1789

Estates General Meets/French Revolution Begins

July 14, 1789

Storming of the Bastille

1812

Invasion of Russia

June 1815

Battle of Waterloo

Immanuel Kant (philosophe)

coined term 'enlightenment'

John Locke

Believed in empiricism

Empiricism

truth through experience

Montesquieu

wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government

Voltaire

"Father of the Enlightenment"

was a deist who believed in rationalism and was a critic of christianity

Deism

belief God created and exists but played no role in humanity

Rationalism

reason over tradition

Dennis Diderot

Wrote the encyclopedia which was the main spread of enlightenment

David Hume

Believed in passion over reason for human nature. wrote the treatise on human nature

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism attacked mercantilism

Rosseau

"Father of French Romanticism"

- most important Enlightenment figure

- believed enlightened society made people worse

Four Key ideas of Rousseau

1. Commerce + society bring out our worse.

(return to 'noble savage')

2. General will (MOST IMPORTANT IDEA)

(community needs before individual needs, was freedom to Rousseau)

3. Ideas on Education

(no social construct)

4. Romanticism

(heart over head, feeling over reason)

Philipp Spener

a german lutheran pastor, became concerned about the spiritual coldness and lack of moral consciousness in germany, began Piest movement

August Francke

A professor at the University of Halle who became a leader in the training of Pietist pastors and missionaries.

Moravians

members of a Christian group in Germany who sent out some of the first missionaries of modern times

Count Nicholas Von Zinzendorf

a young German nobleman who was trained at the Pietist University of Halle in Germany (moravian)

Act of Unity

All English ministers had to submit to state

John Wesley

English clergyman and founder of Methodism (bible studies)

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, hosted outdoor revivals and acted out bible scenes

Results of Great Awakening

- churches / missioned more

- education more universities

- religious / political liberty

Natural Rights

Privileges that come from God and are available to all people

What leaders did not impose Enlightenment ideas?

Frederick II (Prussia)

Joseph II (Austria, abolished serfdom and supported education)

Catherine the Great (Russia)

Louis XV

grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)

Hanoverians

a new dynasty in Britain after the last Stuart ruler, Queen Anne, died without an heir

George I

1700's was a German Protestant prince who spoke no English, therefore completely let Parliament have control and started the Cabinet, which was a handful of Parliament advisers

Robert Walpole

Prime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.

George II

A king of Britain who knew little of the workings of the British government and relied on Walpole and Pitt the Elder

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

War of Austrian Succession

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

(Prussia/France vs. Austria/Britain)

Seven Years' War

worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land

The Ancien Régime

old order; system of government in pre-revolution France

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution

Immediate cause of French Revolution

- Near collapse of finances

Assembly of Notables

A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king of France to discuss reform of the government. Tried to get clergy to allow tax on them.

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

The Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Civil Constitution of Clergy

Priests had to swear allegiance to state

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. Wanted to eliminate king entirely

Brunswick Manifesta

Solidified ideas that king is collaborating with enemy

Paris Commune (sans-culottes)

The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War

Sans-Culottes: In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

National Convention

Declared France a republic

Grodins

Wanted king to be kept alive

Mountains

Wanted king dead (won in the end)

French Motto

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death"

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Maximillian Robespierre

is one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution in 1794.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Battle of Leipzig

Also known as the Battle of the Nations; in October 1813, the combined armies of the fourth coaliton decisively defeated Napoleon and the French army

Battle of Trafalgar

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

Hundred Days

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

Waterloo

The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power

Olive Branch Petition

State colonists are loyal to Britain but king must respect their liberties

Prohibitory Act

Colonists no longer protected under crown

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

James Madison

"Father of the US Constitution"

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War, inability to tax, no judiciary.

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Philadelphia Convention

Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison.

Great Compromise

agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation

Four Principals of Constitution

1. Separation of power (reduce tyranny)

2. Federalism (enhance liberty)

3. Checks and Balances (ensure cooperation)

4. Bill of Rights (list freedoms)

Premable of the constitution

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Article I

Legislative Branch

(House originates bills for revenue)

(Senate conducts impeachment trial)

(power to declare war, lay+collect taxes, Necessary and Proper Clause)

Article II

Executive Branch

Electoral College + Electoral powers

Article III

Judicial Branch

(Nature of Judiciary/powers)

Article IV

States

-mutual good faith+credit clause

- citizens of states

- new states

- republican gov for all states

Article V

Amendment Process

Proposal -> Approval -> Ratification -> Law

Article VI

Supremacy Clause

Article VII

Ratification of the Constitution

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

3rd Amendment

No quartering of soldiers

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

5th Amendment

The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process

6th Amendment

The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person

7th Amendment

Right to jury in civil trials.

8th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

9th Amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

10th Amendment

Powers Reserved to the States

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