Chemistry First Semester Study Guide 2025-26

These flashcards cover key concepts and terms from the Chemistry First Semester Study Guide, helping students prepare for their final exam.

Safety in the Laboratory

Always avoid horseplay, food, drinks, and use proper safety equipment.

Accuracy

The degree to which a measured value agrees with the actual (true) value.

Precision

The degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.

Observations

Data captured using the five senses during an experiment.

Inferences

Conclusions drawn based on previous knowledge and observations.

Significant Figures

Digits in a measurement that contribute to its precision.

Dimensional Analysis

A mathematical technique used to convert units from one form to another.

Conservation of Mass

Mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Density Formula

Density (D) = Mass (m) / Volume (V).

Molar Mass of Hydrogen

1 mole of hydrogen equals 1 gram per mole.

Chemical Reaction Indicators

Signs include temperature change, color change, gas production, light production, and precipitate formation.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.

Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutrons

Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Periodic Table Organization

Elements are arranged by increasing atomic number.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that participate in chemical bonding.

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state.

Chemical vs Physical Changes

Chemical changes result in the formation of new substances, while physical changes do not.

Lewis Dot Structure

A diagram that shows the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons.

Coulombic Attraction

The force of attraction between positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons.