Collin College - Biology 1406 Final Review

Characteristics of life

made of cells metabolism reproduction growth response evolution

Three domains

Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

Archaea characteristics

unicellular prokaryotic extreme environments

Bacteria characteristics

unicellular prokaryotic common environments

Eukarya characteristics

eukaryotic includes plants animals fungi protists

Four eukaryotic kingdoms

Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista

Autotroph

makes own food

Heterotroph

gets food from other organisms

Absorptive heterotroph

absorbs nutrients

Ingestive heterotroph

eats food

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

pro no nucleus euk nucleus organelles

Solution components

solute small part solvent dissolving medium

Acidic pH

below 7

Neutral pH

7

Basic pH

above 7

Cohesion

water sticks to water

Adhesion

water sticks to surfaces

Monomer

building block

Polymer

many monomers linked

Dehydration synthesis

builds polymers removes water

Hydrolysis

breaks polymers with water

Carbohydrate elements

C H O

Carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharide

Carbohydrate function

quick energy

Lipid elements

C H O

Lipid monomer

none not true polymer

Lipid function

long term energy membranes

Protein elements

C H O N

Protein monomer

amino acids

Protein function

enzymes structure transport

Nucleic acid elements

C H O N P

Nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

Nucleic acid function

store genetic info

Cell theory

all organisms made of cells basic unit arise from preexisting cells

Cell membrane

controls what enters and leaves cell

Cell wall

protection and support

Cytoplasm

fluid inside cell

Ribosomes

make proteins

Flagella

cell movement

Cilia

movement or moves substances

Smooth ER

makes lipids detoxifies

Rough ER

makes proteins

Golgi apparatus

packages and ships proteins

Vacuole

storage

Mitochondria

makes ATP

Chloroplast

photosynthesis

Centrioles

cell division

Cytoskeleton

shape and movement

Nucleus

stores DNA

Lysosome

digests waste

All cells have

DNA cytoplasm ribosomes membrane

Plant vs animal cells

plants have cell wall chloroplast large vacuole

Membrane components

phospholipids proteins glycolipids glycoproteins

Polar head

hydrophilic

Nonpolar tails

hydrophobic

Selective permeability

allows some molecules blocks others

Crosses without help

small nonpolar molecules

Needs help to cross

ions large molecules

Hypertonic solution

water leaves cell shrivels

Hypotonic solution

water enters cell swells

Isotonic solution

no net water movement

Passive transport

no energy required

Active transport

requires ATP

Passive transport types

diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

requires protein channel

Active transport types

pumps endocytosis exocytosis

Catabolism

breaks down molecules releases energy

Anabolism

builds molecules requires energy

Cellular respiration equation

glucose O2 → CO2 H2O ATP

Photosynthesis equation

CO2 H2O light → glucose O2

Enzymes

lower activation energy

Denaturation

protein loses shape and function

Cellular respiration stages

glycolysis Krebs ETC

ATP yield

30 to 32 ATP

Photosynthesis stages

light reactions Calvin cycle

Cell cycle phases

G1 S G2 M phase

Mitosis phases

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Cytokinesis

cell splits

Mitosis result

one diploid → two identical diploid cells

Meiosis I

homologous chromosomes separate

Meiosis II

sister chromatids separate

Meiosis result

one diploid → four nonidentical haploid cells

Law of Segregation

alleles separate in gametes

Law of Independent Assortment

genes sort independently

Law of Dominance

dominant masks recessive

Genotype to phenotype

genes determine traits

ABO alleles

IA IB i

Human chromosomes

46 total 44 autosomes 2 sex

Sex determination

XX female XY male

Autosomal dominant

several generations affected

Autosomal recessive

skips generations

Sex linked

usually males affected

DNA nucleotide parts

sugar phosphate base

DNA bases

A T C G

Purines

A G

Pyrimidines

C T

DNA pairing

A–T C–G

DNA replication stages

initiation elongation termination

Helicase

unwinds DNA

SSB proteins

keep strands apart