CLCV 102-Ch. 15-Endocrinology

endocrinology

branch of medicine specializing in conditions of endocrine system

endocrinologist

physician who specializes in treatment of endocrine glands

hypersecretion

excessive hormone production by endocrine gland

hyposecretion

deficient hormone production by endocrine gland

endocrine system

consists of glands that secret hormons directly into blood-stream; includes adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, pancreas, pituary gland, testes, ovaries, thymus gland, and thyroid gland

gland

body organ that releases secretions; exocrine gland (e.g. sweat) releases into ducts whereas endocrine (e.g. thyroid) releases directly into bloodstream

hormones

chemical substance secreted by endocrine gland; enters bloodstream and is carried to target tissue; work to control functioning of target tissue

target organs

those which hormones act on to either increase or decrease organ’s activity level

aden/o

gland

adren/o

adrenal gland

adrenal/o

adrenal gland

crin/o

to secrete

gluc/o

glucose

glyc/o

sugar

glycos/o

sugar

oophor/o

ovary

orchi/o

testis

ovari/o

ovary

pancreat/o

pancreas

parathyroid/o

parathyroid gland

pineal/o

pineal gland

pituitar/o

pituitary gland

testicul/o

testis

thym/o

thymus gland

thyr/o

thyroid gland

thyroid/o

thyroid gland

acr/o

extremities

carcin/o

cancer

cyt/o

cell

ophthalm/o

eye

or/o

mouth

toxic/o

poison

\-al

pertaining to

\-an

pertaining to

\-ar

pertaining to

\-centesis

puncture to withdraw fluid

\-cyte

cell

\-dipsia

thirst

\-ectomy

surgical removal

\-edema

swelling

\-emia

blood condition

\-ic

pertaining to

\-ism

state of

\-itis

inflammation

\-logist

one who studies

\-logy

study of

\-malacia

abnormal softening

\-megaly

enlarged

\-meter

instrument for measuring

\-oid

resembling

\-oma

tumor, mass

\-osis

abnormal condition

\-otomy

cutting into

\-pathy

disease

\-pexy

surgical fixation

\-plasty

surgical repair

\-rrhexis

rupture

\-uria

urine condition

endo-

within, inner

ex-

outward

hyper-

excessive

hypo-

below, insufficient

\-poly

many

adrenal gland

one of a pair of glands in endocrine system located just above each kidney; divided into 2 parts

adrenal cortex

outer portion of adrenal glands; secretes several families of hormones: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones

aldosterone

hormone that regulates sodium produced by adrenal cortex

cortisol

hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism produced by adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

inner portion of adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

epinephrine

hormone that helps body respond to emergency situations by increasing heart rate and force of contraction, bronchodilation, and relaxation of intestinal muscles; produced by adrenal medulla; also called adrenaline

estrogen

one of hormones produced by ovaries; works with progesterone to control menstrual cycle and is reposonsible for producing secondary sexual characteristics

testosterone

male hormone produced in testes; responsible for growth and development of male reproductive organs

corpus luteum

follicle left behind after it ruptures to release ovum at ovulation; secretes estrogen and progesterone

progesterone

one of female sex hormones; works with estrogen to regulate menstrual cycle and prepare uterine lining for embryo

seminiferous tubules

network of coiled tubes that make up bulk of testes; sperm development takes place in walls of tubules and mature sperm are released into tubule in order to leave testes

pancreas

organ in digestive system that produces digestive enzymes; also a gland in endocrine system that produces 2 hormones: insulin and glucagon

pancreatic islets

collections of endocrine gland cells located in pancreas; secrete glucagon and insulin; also called islets of Langerhans

insulin

hormone secreted by pancreas; regulates level of sugar in bloodstream by lowering it

glucagon

hormone released by pancreas; stimulates liver to release glucose into blood

parathyroid gland

one of four small glands located in back surface of thyroid gland; parathyroid hormone secreted by this gland regulates amount of calcium in blood

parathyroid hormone

hormone secreted by parathyroid glands; the more the hormone, the higher the calcium level in blood and the lower level stored in bone

pineal gland

part of endocrine system that produces melatonin

melatonin

hormone secreted by pineal gland; plays a role in regulating body’s circadian rhythm

pituitary gland

small marble-shaped gland that hangs down from underside of brain; often referred to as master gland because some of its hormones regulate other endocrine glands; divided into 2 lobes

pituitary anterior lobe

secretes growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone

pituitary posterior lobe

secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

growth hormone

stimulates body to grow larger

thyroid-stimulating hormone

regulates activity of thyroid gland

adrenocorticotropic hormone

regulates activity of adrenal cortex

prolactin

stimulates milk production by breast

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin

follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates growth of eggs in females and sperm in males; regulates activity of ovaries or testes working together with luteinizing hormone

luteinizing hormone

regulates function of male and female gonads and plays a role in releasing ova in females; regulates activity of ovaries or testes working together with follicle-stimulating hormone

antidiuretic hormone

regulates volume of water in body

oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and birth

thymus gland

endocrine gland located in upper mediastinum that assists body with immune function; secretes hormone thymosin

thymosin

hormone secretes by thymus gland; important hormone for development of immune system

thyroid gland

located in neck; has 2 lobes on either side of trachea; secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate body’s metabolic rate; also secretes calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels