ap bio exam 2

helicase

cuts hydrogen bonds between base pairs

dna polymerase

1,2 and 3 helps guide the procces of replication.

1 and 2 keep stuff out of the way of 3

3 joins free floating nucleotides to complementary base on open template strands

rna primase:

primes the lagging strand to form okazaki fragments

ligase

joins okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

topoisomerase

unwinds and rewinds molecule

cytology

study of the cell

prokaryotic cell

a cell that lacks a true nucleus -genetic material is held in the nucleoid,bacteric cells are the most common prokaryotic cells,may have ribosomes

eukaryotic cells

a cell that has a true membrane bound nucleus,animal cells,plant cells,contain many membrane bound organelles

plasma(cell) membrane

outer membrane of all cell,protect from outside sources,is porous and allows metabolic substance like oxygen and nutrients and waste to enter/exit

cytoplasm

a jelly like substance that fills the inner portion of cell and provides support (made of cytosol )

nucleus

the brain. instructs cell via DNA

dna 2 ways

chromatin:unorganized DNA

chromosome:organized DNA

nuclear envelop

enclose the nucleus

double membrane

porous

has holes that allow certain substances (RNA and ribosomes ) to enter and leave

nucleolus

small organelle in the nucleus

produces rRNA

rubosomes

small pieces of rRNA and protein that create new proteinn

free ribosome

float in cytoplasm

make proteins that help break down things in cytoplasm

bound

attached to endoplasmic reticulum

make proteins needed by the cell

vesicles

sacs made of membrane that help transfer substances in cell (taxi cell)

main destination is the golgi body

carry proteins made at bound ribosomes (protect them)

endoplasmic reticulum

net work of membrane in the cell

lack ribosomes (surface smooth)

helps make lipids,breaks down carbohydrates

removes toxins and poisons from cell

rough er

helps in the making of proteins

er protects until they must be shipped

golgi apparatus (body)

stack of flat membrane sacs(pancakes)

ups of the cell

packages,sorts,store and ships

lysosome

sacs of enzymes

similar to our stomach

digest the waste of the cell(trash can)

central vacuole

large vacuole of plants

contains water

gives plant support

mitochondria

powerhouse of cell

performs cellular respiration

creation of ATP

chloroplast

green organelle

contain chlorophyll

performs photosynthesis

creation of glucose

found in plants and algae

peroxisome

uses oxygen to breakdown large fats to simple sugars

small organelle that contain enzyme

detoxify in liver by transferring hydrogen to oxygen and making hydrogen peroxide which liver converts to water

cytoskeleton

network of fibers extending through the cell to give it structure

aid in mobility of some cells

microtubules

one type of cytoskeleton fiber

acting as cellular highways for transporting organelles/ vesicles

microfilaments

smallest of the cytoskeleton fibers

give cell support underweight and tension