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Drawing
A form of visual art that involves marking paper or other two-dimensional surfaces with a tool to create images.
Direction Activity
An exercise involving following verbal instructions to create a drawing.
Preliminary Drawings
Draft sketches created by artists that allow for experimentation before a final artwork is executed.
Cartoon
A full-scale drawing used in fresco painting to transfer the design onto a wall.
Metal Point
A drawing medium that involves using a metal stylus on specially treated paper.
Chiaroscuro
The treatment of light and shadow in drawing to create a sense of volume.
Photo Realism
An art style that involves creating drawings that are extremely detailed and resemble high-resolution photographs.
Pastels
Art materials made of pigment and a binder used for creating colorful drawings.
Oil Sticks
Solidified oil paint mixed with wax, used as a drawing medium.
Ink Wash
A technique in drawing where diluted ink is applied to create shading and depth.
Matisse's Cut-Outs
Artworks created by Henri Matisse toward the end of his life using colored paper cut into shapes.
Edward Hopper
An American painter known for his evocative depictions of urban life, particularly in works like 'Nighthawks.'
Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance artist recognized for his drawings and painting, known for works like 'The Last Supper' and studies of human anatomy.
Sketch
A preliminary drawing used as a guide for a more finished artwork.
Charcoal
A drawing medium made from burnt wood, available in various forms for different effects.
Graphite
A common drawing medium used in pencils, varying in hardness and darkness.
Kara Walker
An artist known for her cut-out silhouettes that address themes of race and identity.
Degas
A French artist renowned for his paintings and pastels of ballet dancers.
Renaissance Art
Art produced during the Renaissance period, characterized by a revival of classical ideas and techniques.
Innovative Drawing Materials
Non-traditional tools and mediums used for drawing, expanding the definition of what can be classified as art.
Renaissance
Translates from the Italian word "Renacimiento," meaning "rebirth"; a period marking the revival of knowledge and learning after the Dark Ages.
Early Renaissance
The phase of the Renaissance occurring in the 1300s characterized by the Church in Tow period.
Quattrocento
The term referring to the 1400s, representing the middle period of the Renaissance.
High Renaissance
The final phase of the Renaissance occurring in the 1500s, marked by the flourishing of arts and culture.
Mimesis
An artistic term meaning to replicate or reproduce nature, reflecting the realistic representation in Renaissance art.
Patrons
Wealthy individuals, families (like the Medici), and the Church that commissioned artworks during the Renaissance.
Linear perspective
A mathematical system used by artists during the Renaissance to create the illusion of depth and space.
Tempera paint
A fast-drying painting medium made from colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder, often egg yolk.
Fresco painting
A technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid wet plaster, allowing the paint to become an integral part of the wall.
Sack of Rome
The event that occurred in 1527 when Rome was attacked, leading to significant loss of life and marking the decline of the Renaissance.
The Last Supper
A famous mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci depicting the final meal of Jesus with his apostles, notable for its linear perspective.
Pietà
A sculptural depiction of Mary holding the body of Jesus after his crucifixion, created by Michelangelo.
Madonna
A representation of Mary, the mother of Jesus, commonly depicted in various forms during the Renaissance.
Mannerism
An artistic style that emerged in the late Renaissance characterized by abnormal proportions, exaggerated poses, and unconventional spatial relationships.
Chiaroscuro
The use of strong contrasts between light and dark to give the illusion of volume in modeling three-dimensional objects and figures.
Saint Peter
The first Pope and a central figure in Christianity, depicted in various Renaissance artworks as a symbol of church authority.
Civic bodies
Local governments or organizations that may commission art but are less frequent patrons than wealthy families or the church during the Renaissance.
Giotto
An early Renaissance artist known for his frescoes and contributions to the development of realistic painting.
Statue of David
A renowned sculpture by Michelangelo representing the biblical hero David, symbolizing the ideal human form and Renaissance ideals.
Twelve Apostles
The disciples of Jesus, depicted in various Renaissance artworks, particularly in relation to the Last Supper.
Botticelli
An artist of the early Renaissance known for works like ‘The Birth of Venus’ and significant contributions to the painting of Madonna images.
Crystal Palace
A gigantic structure built in 1851 by Joseph Paxton, located in London and housing the first World's Fair.
Skeleton and Skin System
A construction technique in which a strong supporting material is used to create a structure, covered by a protective outer layer or 'skin'.
Arts and Crafts Movement
An artistic movement founded by William Morris as a reaction against mechanization, emphasizing the beauty and utility of art based on natural forms.
William Morris
An influential artist, craftsman, and writer who founded the Arts and Crafts movement and established Morris & Company.
Kelmscott Press
A printing press founded by William Morris in 1888, known for its beautiful publications, including the complete works of Chaucer.
Art Nouveau
A design style characterized by organic and curvilinear forms, which embraced new materials and technologies, prominent in the late 1800s.
Art Deco
A design style defined by 90-degree angles, straight lines, and geometric shapes that became popular in the 1920s and 1930s.
De Stijl
A Dutch artistic movement focused on simplicity and abstraction, characterized by geometric forms and primary colors, emerging after World War I.
Russian Constructivism
An art and design movement that emerged in Russia post-1917 and emphasized geometric forms and social utility.
Streamlining
An American design style characterized by aerodynamically designed forms that emphasize efficiency, popularized in the mid-1930s.
Bauhaus
An influential art and design school established in Germany in 1919 that promoted the equal importance of various art forms and modernist principles.
Walter Gropius
The founder of the Bauhaus, recognized for his innovative architectural designs and modernist ideology.
László Moholy-Nagy
A teacher at the Bauhaus known for his contributions to photography and graphic design.
Josef Albers
An influential artist at the Bauhaus known for graphic design and glass-making, later recognized for his work in color theory.
Oskar Schlemmer
A Bauhaus director known for his contributions to theater and sculpture.
Marcel Breuer
An architect and designer famous for developing the steel-tubed chair, notably the Vasily chair created at the Bauhaus.
Nam June Paik
An artist associated with the Bauhaus known for his innovative sculptures incorporating multimedia and technology.
Sculpture
A three-dimensional work of art created by shaping or combining materials.
Subtractive Process
A method of sculpting where material is removed from a block to create a form, typically through carving.
Additive Process
A method of sculpting where material is added to create a form, including techniques like modeling, casting, and assemblage.
Carving
A subcategory of the subtractive process where material such as wood or stone is chipped away to form a sculpture.
Contrapposto
A sculptural stance where the hips and legs are positioned differently than the shoulders and head, creating a sense of natural weight shift.
High Relief
A type of relief sculpture where the figures project significantly from the background, offering a three-dimensional quality.
Low Relief (Bas-Relief)
A type of relief sculpture where the figures are minimally projected from the background, appearing almost flat.
Votive Cup
A type of ancient artwork, typically made of metal, that signifies a religious offering or dedication, often found in archaeological contexts.
Lost-Wax Casting
A sophisticated method of metal casting where a molten material is poured into a mold created from a wax model that is melted away.
Assemblage Art
A form of sculpture that combines non-art elements, often everyday objects or materials, to create a new work.
Earthwork
An art form where the landscape itself is the primary element, often created using natural materials found on-site.
Entropy
The natural process where things move from order to disorder over time, often applied in discussions of art and nature.
Installation Art
Art that is designed to transform a particular space, often involving multiple pieces that are considered as one work.
Spiral Jetty
An earthwork created by artist Robert Smithson in 1970, made of earth and rocks, that spirals into the Great Salt Lake.
The Burghers of Calais
A sculpture by Auguste Rodin depicting French leaders who volunteered to sacrifice themselves during a siege.
Pepi II
An Egyptian sculpture showing the child and Pharaoh of Egypt, notable for its solid and geometric form.
Hermes and Dionysus
A classical sculpture illustrating the figures of Hermes and Dionysus, notable for its dynamic contrapposto stance.
Robert Arneson
A contemporary sculptor known for his handmade quality in modeling, particularly with ceramics.
Kara Walker
An artist known for her installation art featuring silhouettes that tell stories, often addressing themes of race and history.
Richard Serra
A contemporary artist known for large-scale metal sculptures, including the controversial Tilted Arc.
Negative Space
The space around or between the subject(s) of an artwork, crucial in sculptural compositions.
Diorite
A very hard stone used in sculpture that is notably challenging to carve.
Lithic Materials
Refers to stone and mineral-based materials used in sculpture, often emphasizing durability.
Alabaster
A soft stone used for carving, known for its translucence and ease of work.
Sarcophagus
A stone coffin, typically adorned with sculpture or inscriptions, often used in ancient burial practices.
Salvador Dali
A surrealist artist known for his imaginative assemblage works and dream-like imagery.
Edward Kienholz
An assemblage artist known for his provocative and often controversial installations.
Performance Art
A live art form involving performance as the medium, highlighting the relationship between the artist and the audience.
Bronze Age
A historical period characterized by the use of bronze for tools and sculptures, beginning around 2500 BC.
Performance Art
A conceptual activity where the importance lies with the idea rather than the physical work itself.
Allan Kaprow
Known as the father of performance art; credited with developing the concept of happenings.
Happenings
Early forms of performance art that occurred in non-traditional spaces, performed according to a plan but without rehearsal or audience.
Heroic Gesture
A method of creating art that involves physically using the body to express creativity, associated with artists like Jackson Pollock.
Conceptual Activity
Art that focuses on the idea and concept behind the work rather than the artwork itself.
Dada
An art movement that emerged after World War I, which laid the groundwork for conceptual art.
Vito Acconci
A prominent performance artist known for works like 'Trademarks' and 'The Step Piece'.
Chris Burden
An influential performance artist known for provocative works such as 'Shoot' and 'Transfixed'.
Marina Abramović
Referred to as the grandmother of performance art, known for works like 'Rhythm 10' and 'The Artist is Present'.
Time and Space in Performance Art
Performance art often breaks down traditional concepts of time and space, removing the frame surrounding the work.
Action Painting
A style of painting characterized by the application of paint through expressive, physical gestures.
Edgar Degas
An Impressionist artist credited by Allan Kaprow for influencing performance art.
Documentational Photography
A method often used in performance art to capture and record artworks that are ephemeral in nature.
