HIST 1001 Exam 2 - Lecture Material (Chapters 8-12)

Latins

People from the ancient country of Latium, an area in what is now the country of Italy; rivals of Rome.

Regal Period

753-509 BCE:

509 BCE

Founding of Roman Republic after the last Etruscan was removed:

Senate

A group of 300 men elected to govern Rome in the Roman Republic; they served for life:

Defensive Imperialism

This term explains Rome's early desire to expand its territories in order to defend itself:

Fides

Faithfulness; loyalty to allies; fidelity:

Struggle of the Orders

A great social conflict that developed between patricians and plebeians; the plebeians wanted real political representation and safeguards against patrician domination:

Tribunes

An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates:

1st Punic War

Occurs from 264-241 BCE; conflict over Sicily:

2nd Punic War

Occurs from 218-201 BCE; conflict occurs after Carthaginian general Hannibal crosses the Alps to attack Rome; Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal:

3rd Punic War

Occurs from 149-146 BCE; conflict occurs after Carthage begins to expand again; Carthage is completely destroyed:

First Colony, Naval Power, Paranoia

Three results of the Punic Wars for Rome:

133 BCE

Year in which Rome acquires Asia Minor after its king leaves it to them in his will:

Cornelia

Mother of the Gracchi brothers; husband of Tiberius Gracchus and daughter of Scipio Africanus:

Scipio Aemilianus Africanus

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama:

Battle of Zama

The battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War:

Clientage

The institution linking individuals from upper and lower levels in Rome; noble patron provides political connections while dependent client provides loyalty:

Tiberius Gracchus

_______ was the grandson of General Scipio who was elected tribune in 133BC. He proposed a law to take land back from Senators and give it to the landless; 300 acre limit. He was clubbed to death by senators.

Gaius Gracchus

Along with Tiberius, tribune who attempted to introduce land and citizenship reform within the Roman republic; killed on the command of the Senate:

Late Republic

133-31 BCE; time in Rome characterized by political unrest after the Gracchi brothers are elected and killed:

146 BCE

Destruction of Carthage and Corinth:

Gaius Marius

Roman "People's General" and politician; he eliminated property restrictions for acceptance into the army:

Client Armies

_______ were the deadly invention Dr. Ross attributed to Gaius Marius:

Sulla

Rival of Marius who marched on Rome and takes control of the senate and kills all who oppose him:

Proscriptions

_______ were the deadly invention Dr. Ross attributed to Sulla; it was a list of names of people to be killed:

First Triumvirate

This informal political alliance was created in 59 BCE between Pompey, Caesar and Crassus:

Favorable Laws for Veterans

From the Triumvirate, Pompey wanted:

Command of a War in Gaul

From the Triumvirate, Caesar wanted:

Command of a War in Persia

From the Triumvirate, Crassus wanted:

Crassus

General who defeated Spartacus and crucified 6,600 slaves on the Alpennine way; he later served in the First Triumvirate and was killed in a military conquest in Persia:

Pompey

Roman general and statesman who quarreled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered:

Julius Caesar

Roman General who was part of the First Triumvirate and eventually became "emperor for life". He was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E.

Ides of March

March 15, 44 BC the day Ceasar was murdered:

Gaius Octavius

Grandnephew of Caesar, heir to his position, who was a member of the second triumvirate; also known as Augustus:

Second Triumvirate

Formal political alliance that consisted of Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus:

Cicero

Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers; he was forced to commit suicide:

Cleopatra

Last pharaoh of Egypt; she had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony and became Octavian's enemy:

Battle of Actium

Naval conflict on the Ionian Sea where Octavian defeated Antony and proclaimed himself sole rule of Rome in 31 BCE:

Princeps Civitatis

"First Citizen of the State", Augustus's title:

Proconsular Imperium and Tribunician Power

The two legs of early imperial power in Rome:

Proconsular Imperium

Power of the consulship awarded to Augustus and one of the main pillars of his authority:

Tribunician Power

The powers of a tribune of the people, including sacrosanctity and inviolability of his person, and the veto over any decision by any other magistrate, assembly, or the Senate; this was then transferred to Augustus after he became the emperor:

Battle of Teutoburg Forest

This battle was fought in 9 A.D. (a.k.a. The Varian Disaster), and it was won by an alliance of German tribes that destroyed three Roman legions:

Maecenas

A generous patron, especially of literature or art:

Livy

Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal:

Ius Trium Liberorum

Law created by Augustus whereby women who bore three pure Italian children would be granted a higher status:

Agrippa

Roman general who commanded the fleet that defeated the forces of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium; he was intended to be the next emperor after Augustus but died:

Tiberius

Son-in-law of Augustus who became a suspicious tyrannical Emperor of Rome after a brilliant military career:

Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius (Caligula), Claudius, Nero (ATGCN)

The Julian Dynasty that lasted from 31 BCE to 68 CE

Step-Son, Nephew, Step-Son

Tiberius (2) was the _______ of Augustus (1). Caligula (3) was the _______ of Claudius (4). Nero (5) was the _______ of Claudius (4).

Hippodrome

An ancient Greek stadium used for horse and chariot racing:

Great Fire

This occurred in 64 CE in Rome; the emperor at the time, Nero, used the Christians as a scapegoat for the cause of it, which gave him the justification for persecutions:

Panem et Circensus

Bread and Circuses:

Pax Romana

"Roman Peace" period that lasted from Augustus in 31 CE to Aurelius in 180 CE:

High Empire

Period of the late 200s CE in Rome, where Greece was fully acclimated into Roman society:

Nero, Domitian, Commodus, and Caracalla:

The recurring degenerates from each of the dynasties, as mentioned by Dr. Ross:

Julio-Claudian Dynasty: _______

Flavian Dynasty: _______

Antonine Dynasty: _______

Severan Dynasty: _______

Augustus, Tiberius

Jesus was born in 4 CE under _______ and spent his adulthood under _______.

Herod

King of Judea who backed Antony, but maintained power under Augustus he renovated Jerusalem and cooperated with the Romans:

Pharisees

A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strict adherence to the Law:

Sadducees

A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strong commitment to the Temple in Jerusalem:

Essenes

A group of pious, ultraconservative Jews who left the Temple of Jerusalem and began a community by the Dead Sea; writers of the Dead Sea Scrolls:

Messiah of Aaron

The Jews prophesied that the Messiah would be either be priestly (_______) or a warrior-king (_______).

John the Baptist

Apocalyptic Eschatologist who was a predecessor to Jesus:

70 CE

Destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans:

Vespasian

Emperor of Rome and founder of the Flavian dynasty; it was under his reign that Jesus was crucified:

St. Paul

Also known as Saul of Tarsus; he was an apostle to the non-Jews and was important for spreading the message that Christians do not have to have been Jews:

Severan Dynasty

Roman dynasty from 193-245; military monarchy at the end of the Pax Romana:

Diocletian

Roman emperor of 284 C.E. who attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors a.k.a. Tetrarchy. He persecuted Christians and stabilized the empire:

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians by law; he moved the capitol of Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium (Constantinople):

Battle of Milvian Bridge

Battle between Constantine and Maxentius over control of the empire in 312 CE. Beforehand, Constantine had a dream to place his faith in Christ and put his symbol on his soldier's shields to express his faith.

Edict of Milan

Issued by Constantine in 313, the _______ ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire.

Council of Nicaea

A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time in 325 CE; Nicene Creed:

Julian

Emperor who was the nephew of Constantine and tried to revert Rome to the worship of the original Roman gods by denying Christians institutional power in academia; he died in a battle against the Persians:

Theodosius

Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire:

Arianism

A heresy denying that Jesus is truly God:

Visigoths

A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century:

Battle of Adrianople

Visigoths defeated the Roman Army in 378. Considered the start of the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire:

410 CE

Visigoths sack Rome:

455 CE

Vandals sack Rome:

Romulus Augustulus

Last emperor before the fall of Rome:

476 CE

Fall of Rome:

Theodoric

King of the Ostrogoths after the fall of Rome who used separate systems of government for Romans and Ostrogoths:

Iconoclastic Controversy

The conflict over the veneration of religious images in the Byzantine Empire; 753 CE

Battle of Yarmuk

Battle where the Byzantine Empire suffers a massive defeat to an Islamic Caliphate army in 636 CE:

Jahiliyya

The "age of ignorance," which refers to the time before the revelation of the Qur'an:

Nabataeans

Arab people living between Syria and Arabia:

Muhammad

Founder of Islam; lived from 570 CE to 632 CE:

Kadija

Wife of Muhammad; wealthy widow:

Sura

114 chapters of the Qur'an:

Hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law:

Zakat, Ramadan, Hajj, Salat, Shahadah

5 Pillars of Islam:

Zakat

Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims:

Ramadan

The ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset:

Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims:

Salat

5 daily prayers facing Mecca:

Shahadah:

Sincerely reciting the Muslim profession of faith:

Hijrah

Muhammad's migration from Mecca to (Yathrib) Medina in 622 CE:

622 CE

The start of the Islamic Calendar:

Ummah

The collective community of Islamic peoples, which is thought to transcend ethnic and political boundaries:

Trinitarian God

The Muslims believed that Christians were fundamentally wrong about the _______.