Geog Autumn Mock

Where is Medmerry (managed retreat) ?

Near Chichester, West Sussex

What is the coastline like and mainly used for at Medmerry ?

low-lying coast mainly used for farming and caravan parks

What coastal defences did Medmerry used to have?

A low sea wall that needed repair

Why was managed retreat decided at Medmeery?

A new sea wall would have been very expensive

As the land was relatively low value they allowed the sea to breach the sea defences and flood some farmland

How much did the Medmerry managed retreat scheme cost and when did it take place?

£28 million and controlled breach of the defences took place in November 2013

What will the Medmerry Managed Retreat achieve?

Create a large natural saltmarsh to form a natural buffer to the sea

Help to protect surrounding farmland and caravan parks from flooding

Establish a valuable wildlife habitat and encourage visitors to the area

Why were embankments constructed at Medmerry managed retreat?

Top give protection to farmland, roads and settlements. This alteration of the coastline is called coastal realignment

Where is the Holderness coast?

In the North East of England in East Yorkshire

On the North sea and North of the Lancashire coast

Expands from Flamborough Head in the N and Spurn Head in the S

What is the Holderness Coast like?

Very weak coastline

Very weak boulder clay which is rapidly eroding away

Fastest eroding coastline in Europe (10m/yr)

Longshore drift travels from N to S

Winter storms + prevailing wind form the NE

What are key features of settlements and places along the Holderness Coast (excluding Mappelton)?

Flamborough Head

• Made out of chalk (headland)

• Caves, arches and stacks

Bridlington

• Popular for tourism

• Town protected by 4m high sea wall

• Groynes protect beach

Skipsea

• 10 miles S of Bridlington

• Village - Post offices, shops etc.

• Sea defences at Bridlington making things worse

Easington

• Very expensive major gas terminal

• terminal built on cliff top

• rock armour to protect terminal

Spurn Head

• Spit with salt marsh behind and lifeboat station on tip

Key facts about Mappelton (Holderness coast)

342 people

50 homes

B142 road goes through village

How much was spent and what coastal defences were put in place at Mappelton?

£2 million in 1991

2 Rock groynes and rock armour

Granite for Norway create rock groynes

Cliff has been stabilised through landscaping and vegetation cover

How was Mappelton coastal protection successful?

Groynes have reduced erosion and a beach has built up, preventing more erosion

How was Mappelton coastal protection unsuccessful?

Further south the rate of erosion has significantly increased as no sediment is being replaced as it is all trapped by groynes in Mappelton

This means there is no beach to protect the cliff→increased erosion and slumping

Significant loss of land

Why do people say Mappelton should have used managed retreat?

Much cheaper

Does not harm places further down the coast

Allows salt marsh to form

Road could be moved which would prevent the need for sea defences in Mappelton in the future

What are some sustainable urban strategies?

• Providing green spaces

• Recycling water

• Reducing reliance on fossil fuels

• Involving local communities

• Large range of employment

• Conserving cultural, historic, environmental sites and buildings

• Using Brownfield instead of greenfield sites

• Reducing waste + Pollution

Where is Freiburg?

SW Germany near Switzerland + France. Near River Maulde

How has their been social planning in Freiburg?

- Local people can invest in renewable energy resources, e.g. in one district they have invested over £5 million in 9 windmills, 8 solar energy systems (one at the football stadium), a hydro-electric plant, and an energy conservation scheme at the local school.

- Investors gets free football field tickets + financial returns

- Financial rewards are given to people who compost their green waste and use textile nappies.

What is Freiburg’s ‘Solar Valley’

Cluster of solar companies

Solar Factory employs 250 people making solar panels

Solar Training centre

Hosts European solar energy conferences

10000 people employed in 1500 environmental businesses in city

1000 people employed in solar tech industry

Freiburg has…

More than __________ corks recycled each year

More than ___ of packing waste recycled

Provided energy for ______ homes from burning waste

1 million

88%

28,000

Freiburg has…

________ of non-recyclable waste

___community collection points for recycling

A _________ for organic food and garden waste which is collected weekly

90 kg per head ( Germany average is 122kg)

350

biogas digestor

Describe Vauban in Freiburg

Inner City district built on former army barracks

5500 people in low energy buildings

Green spaces

Green roofs - water storage

How does Freiburg use water sustainably?

Harvests rainwater

Promotes using water sparingly

Green roofs

Permeable pavements

Unpaved tramways

Drainage wetlands

River Dreisam managed using flood retention basins

What is Freiburg’s strict energy policy based on?

Energy Saving

Efficient Technology

Use of renewables

How many solar panel installations are there in Freiburg? How much energy do they produce?

400 installations - including Heliotrope which rotates to follow sun

10 million kilowatts per year - excess sold

Where does the majority of Freiburg’s renewable energy come from?

Biomass - waste wood + rapeseed oil

Enough energy to heat Freiburg’s 3 pools

How do green spaces benefit the economy and environment sustainably?

‘green lungs’ - keep the air clean

Soil protected and prevents runoff

Natural + free recreational resource + habitat for wildlife

How is waste recycling managed in Freiburg?

3 bins - paper, organic + garden waste (Bio bin), Non recyclables

Yellow sack for packaging

Bio bin collected 1x a week, rest every fortnight

Glass sorted by colour + disposed in community bins

Three permanent recycling yards in city

Recycled paper is used in school exercise books

Disposable drink containers are banned

Why is Freiburg known as the ‘green city’?

40% of city is forested

44,000 trees planted in parks + streets

Only native trees and plants planted in 600 hectares of plants

44% of wood from forests used for timber but 75% grows back in 1 year

56% of forests are nature conservation areas

River Dreisam is unmanaged

Risefield District - 78 hectares built on, 240 hectares open space

What is the most important part of Freiburg’s integrated transport system and why?

Trams

Efficient, cheap + accessible public transport

Low fares

Tickets for concert, sport event valid to use on public transport

70% of pop. live within 500m of tram stop

Trams every 8 mins

Tram network - 30km, connected to 168km of city bus routes

How many cycle paths and parking spaces for bikes are there in Freiburg?

400km of cycle paths

9000 parking spaces

Bike + ride facilities at railway + bus stations

How has Freiburg’s transport scheme changed the types of transport used?

Tram journeys increased by over 25,000 in 1 year

Car journeys reduced by 30,000

Due to limited space Singapore has high congestion, what measures has it introduced to combat this?

- Restricted entry to the city centre during rush hours

- Electronic road pricing on major roads

- Quota system to reduce the number of car owners

- High petrol prices

- High vehicle registration fees and strict requirements for obtaining a driving license

- Financial incentives for using cars only at weekends

- Government car-sharing schemes

- Development of an overhead railway system and efficient bus network

- Advanced electronic monitoring and control of traffic signals to keep traffic flowing

How have traffic policies improved congestion in Singapore?

-45% less traffic +25% fewer accidents in the city centre

-40% decrease of traffic on roads in city centre

- 2/3 of daily journeys use public transport

- car ownership declined by 1% since 2000.

How many cars does Beijing have?

5 million

What strategies have been introduced in Beijing to reduce traffic congestion?

Limiting car sales - only 20% who apply allowed as car

Increased parking fees. Congestion charge +pollution tax

Expansion of the public transport system. 30 new metro lines and a rapid bus transit system to be built by 2020. The metro currently serves only half of Beijing’s population.

Restrictions on vehicle use. Cars are banned from the city one day a week, based on a number plate system. Non-residents cannot bring a car into the city.

How have restrictions in Beijing improved traffic congestion?

20% drop in car use

12% drop in use of car parks in city centre

Building + widening roads has reduced cycling + increased car use

Bristol is the __________ in the south west of England

Largest

What is the Population of Bristol?

440 500

How is Bristol important?

Industry

Education

Religion

Culture + Entertainment

Tourism

Bristol is the Uk’s __ most popular city for foreign visitors

eighth

How is Bristol an important international city?

Good transport links → M4, good rail links. Easy access to London and ferry services to Europe

Bristol airport

Global industries - financial, defence, aerospace, technology , culture and media

Investment into manufacturing -e.g. airbus, BMW

Bristol University

How have migrants impacted population growth in Bristol?

2021 census - 18.8% of Bristol’s population was born outside of the UK

How has migrants impacted the cultural diversity of Bristol?

45 different religions

over 180 birth countries

90 distinct languages

Events like St Paul’s Carnival

How have migrants made economic contributions to Bristol?

Fill gaps in labour market, especially sectors such as healthcare, construction and hospitality

Where are most migrants from in Bristol?

Poland (6415)

Somalia (4947)

India (3809)

*2011 census

How has the population of Bristol changed?

Growing rapidly

Over 2 million people live within 59km of the city

How has the ethnic diversity of Bristol changed?

Becoming more ethnically diverse

How has the population composition of Bristol changed?

Large youthful population (due to Unis)

More people under 16 than pensionable aged people

How has the connectivity of Bristol changed?

Network of motorway, road rail and air connections

e.g. second river Severn crossing have made it more accessible

e.g. electrification of rail line to London

What are some key entertainment venues in Bristol?

Bristol Old Vic

Bristol Hippodrome

Tobacco Factory

Colston Hall

How has Bristol’ culture been influenced by change?

Youthful population - underground music scene, nightclubs + bars

Ethnically mixed population - e.g. St Paul’s Carnival

Diverse food choice e.g polish, Korean, Caribbean, Chinese

How is sport a social opportunity in Bristol?

Bristol Bears Rugby

Bristol city f.c

Bristol rovers - UWE stadium - large events, attractive facilities

Gloucestershire county cricket

Venues provide a range of leisure, conference facilities and accommodation. They are large attraction

How is shopping a social opportunity in Bristol?

Shopping is a growing leisure activity

There are developments to encourage people to shop in the CBD - theses include pedestrianisation, improved public transport, promoting tourism, open street markets, improving appearance

Improving shopping centres e.g Broadmead are needed crime, improve environment, attract employment, compete with other cities

What is Cabot Circus in Bristol?

Shopping centre

Opened in 2008

Cost £500 million

Shops, leisure facilities, offices, hotel with 25o apartments

How has Bristol’s harbourside been regenerated?

Former workshops and warehouses converted into bars, nightclubs + cultural venues

Art gallery, museum. media + arts centre

Harbourside festival→ 300,000 spectators

Describe Bristol’s employment structure and how it has changed

½ wok in public/professional services. Extraction + agriculture lowest employment sector. Most jobs are tertiary. wide range of job types

Increasing tertiary and quaternary sectors as many ports shut down

Why have high- tech industries developed in Bristol?

Close links between the council and university

advanced research at the university

Large educated + skilled workforce

Different industries work together in R&D

£100 mil grant to become a Super Connected City

How many micro electrons and silicon design businesses are in the Bristol area?

50

Largest concentration outside Silicon Valley

Who are Aardman Animations (Based in Bristol)

set up in 1972

in late 1990 enterred computer animation

well known for stop motion clay animation - e.g wallace & Grommit

Won Oscars and many other awards

What are the Defence Procurement Agency headquarters in Bristol?

Government policy to decentralise agencies from London

Established on greenfield site in 1996

Employs over 10,000 people

Supplies army, navy + air force

How did employment at the Defence Procurement agency in Bristol cause urban sprawl?

Increased employment = more housing

→ Bradley Stoke with population of 21,00 is an example of link between economic opportunities and urban change

How is aerospace important in Bristol?

14/15 main global aircraft companies found in Bristol e.g rolls Royce, airbus, gkn aerospace

Supply chains have grown in region to supply high tech companies

Filton enterprise area - cutting edged aviation tech hub

Word class aerospace courses at local universities

When did Bristol become the first European Green Capital in the UK?

2015

How many businesses created a ‘green action plan’ in the first year of Bristol as European Green Capital?

175

How many electric car charging points were installed in the city in the first year of Bristol as European Green Capital?

100

How does Bristol’s Green Capital (2015) aim to create environmental opportunities?

• Improve energy efficiency - reduce energy use by 30% + Co2 emissions by 40% by 2020

• Increase the use of renewable energy from 2% (2012)

• Reduce water pollution by improved monitoring and maintenance

• Establish an Air Quality Management plan to monitor air pollution

• Increase the use of brownfield sites for new businesses and housing

• Environmental awareness programs

• Primary students planting trees

What year was Bristol the UK’s 2nd most congested city?

2012

rush hour journeys took 1/3 longer than at other times of day

What percentage of Bristol’s population walk or cycle and how many more cyclists do they aim for by 2020?

57%

Aim to double number of cyclists by 2020

What is the Rapid Transit Network in Bristol and what does it aim to do?

3 bus routes linking Temple Mead station with Park and Ride sites

Network construction began in 2015 and first started operating in 2018

What does the Integrated Transport System in Bristol aim to achieve?

Link different transport systems together

Improve accessibility in the area

Reduce transport congestion

Reduce transport costs - city industries have more profit

Increase employment opportunities

Makes journeys smoother

Encourage use of public transport

More sustainable transport

What rail improvements are planned for Bristol and what do they aim to do?

Electrification of line to London

• Greener transport,

• More reliable journeys

• Improved connections across SE England + S Wales

How much of Bristol is open space and how many people live within 350m of waterways/ parkland?

1/3 is open space

90% within 350m of open space

How many nature reserves and parks are there in Bristol city?

8 Nature reserves

300 Parks

What are some green initiatives and examples of urban greening in Bristol? How have they provided environmental opportunities?

Queen Square - Dual carriageway converted into open space with cycle routes

Sites of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) raised to top conservation condition by 2026

2&% of city to be part of wildlife network

Wildlife objectives in non- natural habitats e.g cemeteries

30% of city to be covered by trees

Housing Development in Portbury Wharf has neighbouring nature reserve

Open water + meadow create invaluable habitats

How is Bristol Environmentally challenged?

Many industrial derelict buildings

Large urban sprawl into rural areas

Where are the areas of Dereliction in Bristol?

Inner city where there are many redundant industrial buildings

When Port moved downstream many warehouses left to decay

Where is Stokes Croft, how is it environmentally challenged and what is being done to improve the area?

High density housing built in 19th century for industrial workers

Many derelict + abandoned properties

Squatters - riots + antisocial behaviour

Bristol City Council got lottery grants to improve economy and environmental decay in area

Area revitalised through public art + community action

How has urban growth caused urban sprawl in Bristol?

Increasing demand to live in suburbs + green areas on outskirts

Good transport links for commuting

Increasing population - jobs, university

Urban Sprawl is most significant ion the North West e.g Bradley Stoke

What is being done to reduce urban sprawl in Bristol?

Developing brownfield sites

2006-2013 6% of new housing on greenfield land

by 2026 300,000 homes planned on Brownfield sites

What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing on Brownfield sites?

Revitalisation of urban areas

Existing infrastructure

Proximity to employment

Higher costs

Pollution

Limited design flexibility

What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing on Greenfield sites?

Cheaper + faster development

Healthier environment

Design Flexibility

Loss of Natural Habitats

Increased Urban Sprawl

Environmental Impact

The amount of waste produced per head in Bristol is _____________ than the UK average

23% lower

How much waste does Bristol produce a year and how much is recycled?

Over ½ million tonnes

Top English city recycler

About ½ of waste is not recylced

How is Bristol reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal?

Reduce amount of waste sent to landfill

Recue waste pr household by 15%

Increasing waste recycling to 50%

Higher targets with contractors who handle household waste

Educating on recycling

Kerbside collections + facilities for different types of recycling

Technological improvements in Recycling

Where is Bristol’s recycled material sent to be reprocessed?

Across England + Wales - generates income

e.g :

• Batteries→ Cheshire

• Glass→ Harlow, Essex

• Engine Oil → Newport

• Paper → Aylesford Kent

How much waste does the Avonmouth waste treatment plant treat a year and what is it used for?

200,000 tonnes per year

Non recyclable waste used to generate enough electricity to power 25,000 homes in Bristol

How many people die per year due to air pollution in Bristol and how?

200 per year

Prevailing winds from SW blow pollutants over city from industrial area around Avonmouth port

How is Bristol’s air quality being improved?

Reduced speed limit on motorways near residential areas

From Gateway - walking + cycling route to city centre

Public transport app

EV programme

What is Bristol’s eco friendly ‘poo bus’?

Britain’s first bus to be powered by human + food waste

Between Bath + Bristol Airport

Runs on biomethane produced at sewage treatment works

300km range - annual waste of 5 people

Describe Filwood in Bristol

Socially deprived = top 10% in country

Low income households

Bullying, crime, drug use, poor environment

Describe Stoke Bishop in Bristol

Affluent suburb in NW of Bristol

Many millionaires in Sneyd Park

Overlooks Clifton Downs + River Avon

Compare Housing in Filwood + Stoke Bishop in Bristol

Filwood

• Council houses from 1930s+40s poorly insulated- built to replace slums

• 6% of houses overcrowded

• 4% Detached houses

Stoke Bishop

• 80% of housing is owner occupied

• >2% of houses overcrowded

• Inadequate parking

• 28% Dethatched houses

Compare Education in Filwood + Stoke Bishop in Bristol

Filwood

• 35% of pupils have free school meals

• 2013 -36% of students got top grades at GCSE

Stoke Bishop

• 14% of pupils have free school meals

• ½ population has a degree or equivalent

• 94% of students got highest grades in 5 / more GCSEs

Compare Health in Filwood + Stoke Bishop in Bristol

Filwood

• Life Expectancy 3 years below city average

• Lowest participation in Sport + Creative activities in city

• Poor access to fresh fruit + veg for healthy diet

• High levels of obesity + smoking

Stoke Bishop

• Life Expectnacy 4 years above city average

• 90% of population in good health

• ½ population play sport al least once a week

Compare Employment in Filwood + Stoke Bishop in Bristol

Filwood

• 1/3 of people aged 16-24 unemployed- ½ long-term unemployed or have never worked

• ¼ of children live in low income family

Stoke Bishop

• 2% of population is unemployed

• >3% of children live in poverty

What is the Bristol + Bath Green Belt?

Set up to prevent urban sprawl on urban fringe + merging of Bath + Bristol

How have the South Gloucestershire authorities developed land North of the Bristol City?

Bradley stoke built in late 1980s

Harry stoke - 1200 homes built, 2000 homes planned for 2016-17

Why are people concerned about Harry stoke development in Bristol?

Increased congestion, noise, pollution

Loss of habitas

Loss of open space

Impact on existing community services

Increased local flood risk

Between 2006 and 2013, Bristol built ____ of new housing on ________ sites

94%

Brownfield

Includes using former office buildings, pubs, factories, dockyards, listed buildings and coach depots