History Final Review

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Westernization

adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Divine Right

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

Beauracracy

a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor

Printing Press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Secular

Non-religious

Vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

Northern Renaissance

An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Indulgence

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins

Protestants

reformers who protested some practices of the catholic church

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Geocentric Theory

in the Middle Ages, the earth-centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe

Heliocentric Theory

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Reasons for exploration

Include increase wealth (gold), expand empire (glory) and spread Christianity (God).

Hanseatic League

an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

The Great Dying

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Louis XVI (16th)

King of France during the French Revolution

Three Estates

The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land

Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Touissant L'Ouverture

leader of the slave revolt against the French in the Haitian Revolution

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain

Three reasons that led to the Industrial Revolution was the emergence of capitalism, European imperialism, and The Agricultural Revolution

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Partition of Africa

During the New Imperialism period, all major European powers took control of and annexed parts of Africa. For example, Britain took control of a region including Egypt and continuing south, and also took an area around South Africa.

Scramble of Africa

a process of invasion, attack, occupation and annexation of Africa territory by European powers .

Berlin West Africa Conference

a conference where the delegates of 12 Euro states, USA, Ottoman devised ground rules for African Colonization and rid some rules and laws. They decided that each power had to notify others of "claims" each claim filled by "effective occupation"

Ethiopia and Menelik II

Reigned victorious over the attempted Italian Invasion of Ethiopia; the main reason that Ethiopia remained unconquered by Britain

No Man's Land

Territory between rival Trenches, very dangerous

MAIN causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Allied Powers (WWI)

Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

unrest in the Balkans

Ever since the Ottoman Empire fell, many nations disputed over claiming the former Ottoman territory for themselves.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Battle of Gallipoli

Also known as the Gallipoli campaign, it took place at the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey from April-January 1915-1916. It was a joint British and French operation meant to capture the capital city Constantinople and to secure a sea route to Russia. This failed, with nearly half a million casualties.

Propoganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Czar Nicholas II

Russian Czar during WWI; unpopular with Russian people; overthrown in March 1917; executed by Bolsheviks after November Revolution (1917)

Karl Marx/Marxism

Viewed the struggle of workers as a progression of historical forces that would proceed from a class struggle of the proletariat (workers) exploited by capitalists (business owners), to a socialist "dictatorship of the proletariat," to, finally, a classless society - Communism.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

February Revolution

Unplanned uprisings accompanied by violent street demonstrations that led to the abdication of tsar and establishment of a provisional government.

Bolshevik Party

A political party that wanted Russia to lead an immediate worldwide revolution; it gained control of Russia by getting elected to the soviets by promising to leave World War I.

October Revolution

The revolution in October 1917 in Russia that brought the Bolsheviks to power.

Red Army/White Army

two Russian factions that fought in a Civil War in 1918; the White Army was led by Russian Military Leaders and funded by the allied powers; the Red Army (a.k.a. Bolsheviks) was led by Lenin; Red Army won and Lenin came to power

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Turkey and Ataturk

"The Father of the Turks" was the first president of Turkey After WWI when the Ottoman Empire fell apart. He modernized the country: separation of church and state, women could hold government jobs and vote, changed the alphabet to be easier to learn and went on a campaign to teach more people to read.

Persia (Iran)

In 1935 Raza Shah Pahlavi the leader of this country changed the Greek name to a more traditional name.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

French Mandates

Officially, the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, was a League of Nations mandate founded after the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

British Mandate

Mandate from the League of Nations to govern Jerusalem from 1922-1948 after Jerusalem was taken control of by Britain in 1917

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Palestine

A territory in the Middle East on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Disputed with Israel.

Creation of Israel

1948 1st Jewish state, led to conflict to Israel's arab neighbors over to the Palestinian issue

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Six Days War

Six memorable days, known to Israelis as the Six-Day War and to Arabs and others as the 1967 War, redrew the region's landscape in fundamental ways. In those six days, Israel defeated three Arab armies, gained territory four times its original size, and became the preeminent military power in the region.

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

Palestian Liberation Organization

The Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) was founded in 1964 with the purpose of liberating Palestine, achieving Palestinian self-determination, and securing the return of the refugees

Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (The Shah)

Overthrown by the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi (Iranian monarchy). Into modernization, secularization, women's suffrage.

Iranian Revolution

(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.

Musolini

Italian dictator

Facism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Effects of Treaty of Versailles on Germany

Germany had to take full blame, reduction of military, reparation payments

Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II, Nazi leader and founder

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Allies (WWII)

France, Britain, US, Soviet Union

Axis Powers (WWII)

Germany, Italy, Japan

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Munich Pact

A 1938 agreement between Great Britain and Germany to appease Hitler

Non-Aggression Pact

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Start of WWl

Hitler's troops attacked Poland on Sept.1, 1939. On September 3, Britain and France declare war on Germany and this marked the advent of World War II.

Dunkirk

A city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire.

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

U.S. Isolationism After WW1

Most Americans were pacifists and wanted to stay out of the new international debates due to the effects and Great Depression from the First World War, a series of neutrality acts were published preventing the US from aiding any involved countries, we wanted to focus on our own economy

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Nazi's Final Solution

Plan to exterminate Europe's Jews

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.