Chap 6 /7Psyc346

positive reinforcer

when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to increase in frequency.

Giving a person salty foods, or depriving that person of water are examples of:

	motivating operations

A reinforcer that is based on a number of different back-up reinforcers is called a:

generalized reinforcer 

Stimuli which are reinforcing without prior learning are called:

primary reinforcers 

Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers are called tokens. true or false

true

Which of the following is most likely to be a primary reinforcer?

Question 5 options:

	money
	a candy bar
	a toy
	poker chips

money

Praise is best referred to as a(n):

Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers are called:

tokens

Which of the following is a stimulus that is a conditioned reinforcer (i.e., associated with more powerful reinforcers) but is not a token?

money

the sight of a loved one

gold stars on an improvement chart 

coupons for food products

Stimuli which are reinforcing without prior learning are called:

primary reinforcer

Back-up reinforcers are stimuli that are naturally reinforcing in and of themselves, such as food for someone who has not eaten for several hours.

True / false

False

A dollar bill may not be reinforcing for a young child who has had no experience with money. However, after the dollar bill is paired with a variety of back-up reinforcers while making various purchases in the store, the dollar bill becomes a powerful reinforcer. This is an example of the development of a:

generalized conditioned reinforcer

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?

	money
	a drink of water
	warmth from a fireplace
	a candy bar

In a behavior modification token system, tokens can be exchanged for more powerful reinforcers called:

primary reinforcers  ???

A conditioned reinforcer that is a generalized reinforcer is more effective than one that is not. true/ False

True

Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers are called tokens. true/ false

True

Unconditioned reinforcer

Is a primary or unlearned reinforcer

ex: food or water for someone hungry or thirsty

Conditioned reinforcer

leaned through being paired with other reinforcers

secondary or learned reinforcers

ex:

tokens

Is a conditioned reinforcer

******Why is it necessary to be specific when selecting a behavior for a reinforcement program?

It is necessary to be specific because it helps to fucus on what behavior is in need of improvement.

**Describe the Premack principle. Give an example.

the Premack principle is

**Describe the response deprivation model. Give an example.

The esponse deprivation model is depriving someone of something like food but presenting it as a reinforcment?

Suppose for a given individual Behavior 1 occurs 60% of the time, Behavior 2 occurs 25% of the time, and Behavior 3 occurs 15% of the time. Which method would be better for increasing the occurrence of Behavior 1 for that individual—the Premack principle or the response deprivation model? Explain

***

Using the definition of positive reinforcer, how might you conduct a test to determine if the social attention of a particular adult is or is not reinforcing for a withdrawn child?

Does extrinsic reinforcement undermine intrinsic motivation? Discuss.

Extrinsic reinforcement does not undermine intrinsic motivation because all reinforcers involve external(extrinsic) stimuli and all have internal (intrinsic) aspects.

Which of the following is not a potential problem of an extinction program?

Question 1 options:

	The program may produce aggression by the person whose behavior is being extinguished.
	Other reinforced behaviors will also decrease in frequency.
	The behavior may get worse before it gets better.
	Spontaneous recovery may occur.

Suppose that, following instances of a child swearing, the parents said to the child, “You have just lost 25 cents of your weekly allowance.” This is an example of:

response cost punishment 

It is important to consider the setting in which extinction will be carried out in order to:

maximize the chances of the behavior modifier persisting with the program

A possible reason for the faillure of an extinction program is that the undesirable behavior is reciving reinforcement from another source. True or false

True

If a parent ignores the behavior of a child, that is an example of extinction if

the parent’s attention was reinforcing the child’s behavior