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Muhammad
The last prophet of god and the religious and political leader who founded Islam
Islam
An Abrahamic faith that was founded by Muhammad
Muslim
A follower of Islam who submits their life to Allah
Makkah/Mecca
Muhammad’s birthplace and the holiest city of Islam that holds the Ka’aba
Abu Talib
Muhammad’s uncle and leader of a tribe in the Quraysh
Ka’aba
The most sacred site in Islam which was built by Abraham and where all Muslims pray to
Quraysh
The most powerful tribe in Makkah into which Muhammad was born
Khadijah
Muhammad’s first wife
Night journey
A vision Muhammad had where he was taken from Mekkah to Jerusalem and then up to heaven in a single night
Medina
The second most holy city in Islam called Medina which means city of the prophet. Previously called Yothrib
Ascention/Mi’raj
The ascention during the night journey that took Muhammad from Jerusalem up to Heaven
Hijra
Muhammad’s journey from Makkah to Medina that he made with all of the Muslims at the time
Jerusalem
The third holiest city in Islam which Muhammad traveled to during his night journey
Hadith
Every saying, tradition, and teaching of Muhammad that were written down by scholars, because he was illiterate, who followed him
Sira
The entire life of Muhammad, every action, word spoken, and routine he had, written down by scholars because he was illiterate, to serve as the epitome of Muslim behavior.
Sunnah
A combination of the Hadith and Sira that serve as a guide to Muslims when the Quran does not tell them everything they need to know or leaves room for interpretation
Quran
The Muslim religious text that all Muslim follow and that is full of prayer, historical stories, and moral guidance
Shahada
The first pillar of Islam which is a profession of faith and is said during every prayer
Salah
The second pillar of Islam is prayer five times a day and what connects a Muslim to god where they request grace and pardon
Sawm
The third pillar of Islam which is fasting during the lunar month of Ramadan and a spiritual exercise that allows a Muslim to practice self-control
Zakat
The fourth pillar of Islam which stresses one of the messages that Muhammad preached saying that all wealth should be shared and that Muslims should take Charity as a lifestyle, not a requirement
Hajj
The fifth pillar of Islam that is the surrendering of one’s worldly activities and ego, giving complete devotion to God and journeying to Makkah at least once in a Muslim’s life
The five pillars of Islam
The five main guidelines a Muslim should follow to live a faithful life
Jihad
A defensive fight against the enemies of Islam or against one’s own flaws
Shariah
The Islamic law based on the Quran and the Sunnah’s teachings
Caliph
The Muslim religious and civil chief who is the prophet’s chosen one to rule over the Muslims
Harbi
An unsubjugated unbeliever who lives outside of Muslim territory
Dhimmi
An unbeliever who submits to Muslim rule, accepts, Muslim protection, and pays poll tax to the Muslim state. Lives in a conquered land
Musta’min
A Dhimmi who stays in a Muslim temporarily, typically a merchant, and is allowed safe conduct, is exempted from poll tax, and is allowed to freely practice their religion
Dar-al-Islam
Territory controlled by the Caliphate
Dar-al-Harb
Territory that not controlled by the Caliphate but is still near it
Jizya/poll tax
The tax that Dhimmi must pay in order to be protected and allowed to live in Dar-al-Islam