APUSH Chapter 31 Terms

Jimmy Carter

former GA governor who was committed to restraining big government

Hamilton Jordan

chief of staff under Carter; spent most of his time drinking, with women, and alienating Congress

Iran

taken over by Islamic fundamentalists who shut off access of oil to the US; spiked US oil prices

Camp David

place where Carter met with 150 representatives and cut out the media

Anwar Sadat

President of Egypt who was removed from the Arab League and was assassinated due to signing the Camp David Accords with Israel

Office of Human Rights

section of the State Department created by Carter; cut funding to repressive governments

Panama Canal

Carter gave it away as a move of human rights

1980 Olympic Games

Carter called a boycott of it due to the Afghanistan situation

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

hated pro-US ruler of Iran whose officials were executed once he was overthrown; was allowed to go to the US for cancer treatment, sparking outrage from Iranian revolutionaries

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Iranian leader who demanded the return of the shah and his wealth for exchange of the hostages

Superfund

$1.6b project made to clean up chemical waste sites

Camp David Accords

two treaties made between PM Menachem Begin of Israel and President Anwar Sadat of Egypt (facilitated by Carter)

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II

Carter refused to sign due to Soviet conflict in Afghanistan

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Iranian revolutionaries invaded a US embassy in Tehran capturing 66 people; demanded the return of the shah for the hostages

Georgia Mafia

Carter's closest aides

Amnesty

Carter forgave men who fled the US due to Vietnam

Liberal Democrats

complained that Carter was not addressing poverty and inner-city decline

"Crisis of confidence"

what Carter claimed was afflicting the nation after he went to Camp David

Jihadists

Islamic freedom fighters

Screen Actors Guild

union Reagan helped fend off from Communist infiltration

Reverend Jerry Falwell

televangelist who formed the Moral Majority and wanted to fight liberalism and communism

Moral Majority

campaign for the political and social goals of the Christian Right (e.g. overturn Roe v. Wade, remove Darwinism from schools)

Phyllis Schlafly

Republican activist from IL who stopped the passing of the Equal Rights Amendment

Business Roundtable

leaders of the nation's largest corporations combined to promote their interests to Congress

Proposition 13

CA tax cut that reduced property taxes by 57%; done with Reagan's support

New Right

conservative Republicans whose goal was to prevent Carter's second term

David Stockman

Reagan's budget director; advised reducing SS and Medicare spending

Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization

Reagan fired 11539 members who participated in an illegal strike

AFL-CIO

national labor confederation which traditionally supported Democratic candidates; power broken by Reagan

Sandra O'Connor

first woman in the Supreme Court; appointed by Reagan

Walter Mondale

Carter's VP and Democratic candidate in 1984; supported by AFL-CIO, NOW, and had a female running mate

Geraldine Ferraro

NY congresswoman and first female running mate in 1984

Economic Recovery Tax Act

cut personal income taxes by 25% and lowered the max tax rate to 50%

Reaganomics

belief that stagflation was the result of excessive corporate and personal income taxes

Tax Reform Act of 1986

cut the number of tax brackets to 2 and reduced max rates to 15-28%

Federal deficit

tripled over Reagan's two terms

Social Security

most expensive entitlement program; Reagan did little to cut spending even though he promised to

Strategic Defense Initiative

anti missile defense system with satellites and laser weapons

José Napoleón Duarte

El Salvador president backed by the US

Saddam Hussein

Iraqi despot who attacked Iran; also attacked Kuwait and was the cause of the Persian Gulf War

Palestine Liberation Organization

strongest rival faction in Lebanon; heavily against Israelis and their occupation of Palestine

Oliver North

Marine lieutenant colonel who was the center of the Iran-Contra affair; secretly sold arms to Iran

Robert McFallane

national security advisor who approved North's activities; attempted suicide before being questioned but failed

John Tower

person Reagan appointed to lead the investigation of the Iran-Contra affair

Tower Commission

investigation commission on the Iran-Contra affair; blamed Reagan's loose management

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet premier who sought to reduce tensions with the US

Reykjavik Summit

meeting Reagan and Gorbachev considered dismantling all nuclear weapons; fell apart due to US insistence of the SDI

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

agreement to eliminate all intermediate range missiles between the US and USSR

El Salvador

conflict between right-wing government backed by the US and Communist revolutionaries; many feared a new domino effect

Nicaragua

controlled by Cuban-sponsored Sandinista socialist government; US sent in Contras

Lebanon

previously a peaceful Middle-Eastern nation; erupted into anarchy with many factions fighting

Grenada

Communist military coup led to the execution of the PM; Marines were deployed to get rid of the new government

Iran-Contra affair

Congress discovered that Reagan was selling arms to Iran in hopes of getting hostages back

Peace through strength

buildup of the US military to overwhelm the USSR militarily and economically

Contras

CIA trained and financed anti-Communist Nicaraguans

Suicide bombers

became common for Muslims once Israel took Beruit

Perestroika

restructuring; Gorbachev wanted to make the USSR government more bureaucratically efficient

Glasnost

openness; Gorbachev policy to allow open debate and shared information

Black Monday

day the stock market crashed that nearly matched the 1929 crash

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power

largest AIDS activist group

ENIAC

electronic numerical integrator and computer; made at UPenn and was the first all electronic digital computer

Microprocessor

allowed for the storage of much more data on computers

AIDS

disease that became an epidemic in the 1908s; people thought it was a gay disease

Michael Dukakis

Democratic nominee who was swept by Bush

Eduard Shevardnadze

Soviet foreign minister who told the Soviet legislature that nations of Eastern Europe could choose their own governments

Berlin Wall

destruction unified Germany and collapsed the East German government

Boris Yeltsin

president of the Russian Republic; able to convince the US to not recognize the new military ran USSR

General Manuel Noriega

maximum leader of Panama; allowed drugs lords to ship drugs through Panama to the US

Guillermo Endara

was supposed to be president until Noriega took over; became president after the US invasion

Albert Gore

TN Senator who became Clinton's running mate

H. Ross Perot

Texas billionaire whose on and off candidacy drew Republican voters away from Bush

Americans with Disabilities Act

strengthened civil rights given to disabled and made requirements for organizations to have amenities

Immigration Act of 1990

increased the total number of immigrants to 675k per year; changed some preferences

Operation Just Cause

US troops invaded Panama and captured Noriega

Kuwait

invaded by Iraq due to increasing oil production

Operation Desert Storm

major offensive in the Gulf War; US and 33 other nations against Iraq after it took over Kuwait

New Democrats

led by Clinton; determined to win back the white middle class

Carter Doctrine

Warning that any attempt by outside forces to gain control of the Persian Gulf would be met with military force from the US; created because Soviets were in Afghanistan and too close to Persian Gulf oil

Reagan Doctrine

US would support freedom fighters trying to overthrow Communist regimes; applied in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia and Afghanistan