Chapter 12: History of key ideas

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What was discovered during the following years?

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1
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400 BCE

Democritus suggests that there might be a limit to the divisibility of matter.

2
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350 BCE

Aristotle suggests that the Earth is at the centre of the Universe, with the Sun, Moon, and planets on crystal spheres
around.

3
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240 BCE

Eratosthenes estimates the diameter of the Earth by comparing shadow angles in different places.

4
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60 CE

Hero makes a small turbine driven by jets of steam.

5
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150 CE

Ptolemy suggests that the Earth is at the centre of the Universe, and that the Sun, Moon, and planets are moving in perfect circles.

6
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1000

Magnetic compass used in China.

7
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1543

Copernicus suggests that the Sun is at the centre of the Universe, with the Earth and planets moving around it.

8
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1600

Gilbert suggests that the Earth acts like a giant bar magnet.

9
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1604

Galileo shows that all falling objects should have the same, steady acceleration.

10
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1621

Snell states his law of refraction.

11
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1644

Torricelli makes the first mercury barometer.

12
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1654

Guericke demonstrates atmospheric pressure.

13
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1662

Boyle states his law for gases.

14
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1678

Huygens puts forward his wave theory of light.

15
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1679

Hooke states his law for elastic materials.

16
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1687

Newton publishes his theory of gravity and laws of motion.

17
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1714

Fahrenheit makes the first mercury thermometer.

18
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1752

Franklin performs a hazardous experiment with a kite to show that lightning is electricity.

19
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1790

Herschel discovers the shape of our galaxy.

20
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1800

Volta makes the first battery.

21
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1803

  • Dalton suggests that matter is made up of atoms.
  • Young demonstrates the wave nature of light.
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1821

Faraday makes a simple form of electric motor

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1825

Ampère works out a law for the force between current-carrying conductors

24
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1832

  • Faraday demonstrated electromagnetic induction.
  • Sturgeon makes the first moving-coil meter.
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1840

First use of words 'physicist' and 'scientist.

26
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1849

  • Fizeau measures the speed of light.
  • Joule establishes the link between heat and work.
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1852

Kelvin states the law of conservation of energy

28
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1864

Maxwell predicts the existence of radio waves and other electromagnetic waves.

29
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1877

Cailletet liquefies oxygen.

30
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1879

Swan and Edison make the first electric light bulbs.

31
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1888

Hertz demonstrates the existence of radio waves.

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1894

Marconi transmits the first radio signals

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1895

Röntgen discovers X-rays.

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1896

Becquerel discovered radioactivity.

35
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1897

Thomson discovers the electron

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1898

M. Curie discovered radium and polonium.

37
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1899

Rutherford identifies alpha and beta rays.

38
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1909

Planck proposes the quantum theory

39
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1905

Einstein uses the quantum theory to explain the photoelectric effect, and publishes his special theory of relativity.

40
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1911

Rutherford proposes a nuclear model of the atom.

41
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1913

Bohr uses the quantum theory to modify Rutherford's model of the atom.

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1916

Einstein publishes his general theory of relativity.

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1919

Rutherford splits the atom and discovers the proton.

44
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1924

De Broglie suggests that particles can behave as waves

45
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1925

Schrodinger wave-mechanics model of the atom

46
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1927

Lemaitre suggests the possibility of the Big Bang.

47
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1928

Geiger and Müller invent their radiation detector

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1929

Hubble discovers that the Universe is expanding.

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1932

  • Chadwick discovered the neutron.
  • Cockroft and Walton produce the first nuclear change using a particle accelerator.
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1938

Hahn discovered nuclear fission.

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1942

Fermi builds the first nuclear reactor.

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1947

Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley make the first transistor.

53
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1957

First artificial satellite, Sputnik I, put into orbit.

54
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1958

St Clair Kilby makes the first integrated circuit

55
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1960

Maiman builds the first laser.

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1963

First geostationary communications satellite.

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1969

First manned landing on the Moon.

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1971

Intel Corporation makes the first microprocessor

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1977

First experimental evidence of quarks.

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1990

Hubble Space Telescope launched.

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2012

Higgs particle discovered.