FCM: practice questions (week 1)

What are the three essential components required to achieve a state of general anesthesia (triad of general anesthesia)?

1. Unconsciousness

2. Analgesia

3. Muscle relaxation

A vet administers ketamine to a 3yo dog as part of an anesthetic protocol. The dog remains in sternal recumbency with its eyes open & its limbs extended but does not respond to external stimuli. What term best describes the anesthetic state produced by ketamine?

Dissociative anesthesia

What device offers protection against anesthetic mortality in rabbits as compared to ET tubes or masks?

Supraglottic airway device

A 2yo healthy cat, an 8yo dog with chronic kidney disease, a 15yo horse with colic requiring emergency surgery, & a 6yo rabbit with a dental abscess all require general anesthesia. What factor most significantly increases anesthetic mortality risk across all these species?

Poor physical health status (ASA class >3)

What are some examples of injectable anesthetic agents?

Barbiturates (Thiopental), Propofol, Alfaxalone, Etomidate, Ketamine, Tiletamine/Zolazepam

What injectable anesthetic agent is primarily known for its dissociative properties, providing analgesia + amnesia, & is frequently used in both veterinary + human medicine?

Ketamine

What injectable anesthetic agent is a fast-acting sedative-hypnotic that is primarily an anesthetic without analgesic effects?

Propofol

What injectable anesthetic agent is a neuroactive steroid used for induction & maintenance of anesthesia but lacks dissociative characteristics?

Alfaxalone

What injectable anesthetic agent is mainly utilized for its minimal cardiovascular effects, making it favorable in patients with compromised cardiac function?

Etomidate

What injectable anesthetic agent is a fast-acting hypnotic barbiturate that is primarily an anesthetic without analgesic effects?

Thiopental

What is the typical surgical plane of anesthesia?

1.3x MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration)

What are the mechanisms of action of inhalant anesthetic agents?

1. Enhance inhibitory receptors (GABA + Glycine)

2. Reduce excitatory pathways (Nicotinic + Glutamate)

This is a ventro-dorsal radiograph of a canine patient presenting with vomiting & lethargy. What makes this view of poor quality for interpretation?

Beam collimation

-view is cut off too cranially (does not show caudal thorax, diaphragm, or liver)

-view is also cut off too caudally (does not show caudal abdomen to coxofemoral joint)

This is a right lateral view of feline patient presented with fever, lethargy, & vomiting. What is the structure noted by the yellow arrow?

Falciform fat

This is a close up VD radiograph of a canine patient focusing on the right cranial + mid-abdomen. What does the following radiograph indicates?

Positive contrast study of the Pseudo-ulcers in the duodenum

You have a feline patient presenting with a history of ingesting a FB. Plain X-rays shows evidence for GI obstruction with no visible FB & possible perforation. What is the preferable contrast study to be conducted for this patient?

Positive contrast study / Iodinated contrast medium via oral route

This patient has been admitted for EU/IVP study. These VD + lateral views were taken after 20 minutes from IV administration of the contrast media. What do they indicate?

The presence of contrast medium in the renal pelvis + ureters (pyelogram phase)

What happens to intrapulmonary (alveolar) pressure during spontaneous ventilation?

It decreases below atmospheric pressure

During spontaneous expiration, what happens to intrapulmonary (alveolar) pressure?

It increases above atmospheric pressure

These are thoracic radiographs from different patients. Can you spot the ideal positioning technique?

Image B (Middle)

On VD views, how wide should the cranial mediastinum be in relation to the overlying vertebral column (spine) in cats?

They should be identical in width

On this right lateral view of 7yo canine patient presenting with lethargy + exercise intolerance, what is the radiographic finding?

Sternal mass