2014.5 - Memory

Memory involves __________, __________, and __________.

encoding, storage, retrieval

What memory deficits result from lesions to the left supra-marginal gyrus?

phonological loop (reduced auditory-verbal memory)

What memory deficits result from lesions to the prieto-occipital cortex?

visuospatial short term memory

What neuroimaging evidence in which task distinguishes phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad in WMS?

PET show differential activation of supra-marginal gyrus and parieto-occipital cortex during verbal and spatial memory task

The three stages of memory processing are __________, __________, and __________.

encoding, storage, retrieval

Short-term memory has a capacity of __________ items.

7 + 2 items

Long-term memories can last from __________ to __________.

days to years

Sensory memory is characterized by a duration of __________ to __________.

milliseconds to seconds

The __________ is critical for the formation of long-term memory.

hippocampus

Episodic memory refers to __________ personal experiences.

specific

Declarative memory includes __________ and __________ memory.

episodic, semantic

Procedural memory is an example of __________ memory.

nondeclarative

The __________ model describes memory as having discrete stages.

modal

In the working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch, the central executive controls two systems: the __________ and the __________.

phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad

Priming is a type of __________ memory change due to prior exposure.

implicit

_____________ amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a brain injury.

Anterograde

H.M. is famous for having had his __________ removed, which affected his memory.

hippocampus

The areas of the brain associated with long-term memory include the __________ and __________.

hippocampus, medial temporal lobe

In the context of memory, __________ refers to the ability to recall the context of learned information.

source memory

Classical conditioning forms memories through associations of stimuli, known as __________.

conditioned responses

The __________ is involved in encoding and retrieval for episodic memories.

medial temporal lobe (MTL)

Echoic memory primarily deals with __________ information.

auditory

The short-term memory capacity is limited compared to __________ memory.

long-term

The __________ model emphasizes both serial and parallel processing in memory.

working memory

Actions or skills learned through procedural memory do not require the __________.

medial temporal lobe

In the Baddeley and Hitch model, the phonological loop involves __________ coding.

auditory

The MTL is involved in the encoding of __________ memories.

episodic

____________ is a memory system that does not require conscious thought.

Implicit memory

The MTL plays a critical role in __________ retrieval.

memory

Memory decay primarily impacts __________ memory.

sensory

The main structure responsible for procedural learning is the __________.

basal ganglia

In memory retrieval, __________ refers to awareness and familiarity with a stimulus without recalling it.

recognition

The flow of information in memory systems begins with __________, followed by __________.

sensory input, short-term storage

Recollection of facts and concepts falls under __________ memory.

semantic

K.C. demonstrated that __________ memory can be retained despite severe memory loss.

semantic

Effective memorization often involves __________ and __________ of information.

attention, rehearsal

Changes in memory processing stages due to lesions can illustrate __________ in neuroscience.

double dissociation

Long-term memory is often categorized into __________ and __________ forms.

declarative, nondeclarative

The two types of declarative memory are _________ and __________.

episodic, semantic

The __________ is vital for consolidation of memories post-encoding.

hippocampus

Brain lesions associated with __________ syndrome show damage to the thalamus and mammillary bodies.

Korsakoff's

In a short-term memory task, digit span typically ranges from __________ to __________ digits.

two, five

Short-term memory duration typically lasts from __________ to __________.

seconds, minutes

Memory retrieval often requires separating different forms of memory, such as __________, __________, and __________.

familiarity, episodic, semantic

Memory studies utilize __________ to assess brain activation during retrieval.

neuroimaging techniques

True or False: Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval.

True

True or False: The capacity of long-term memory is limited to 5 items.

False

True or False: Anterograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories prior to a brain injury.

False

True or False: Sensory memory lasts from milliseconds to seconds.

True

True or False: The hippocampus is critical for the formation of procedural memory.

False

True or False: Implicit memory refers to memory that does not require conscious thought.

True

True or False: The medial temporal lobe is involved in the retrieval of episodic memories.

True

True or False: The flow of information in memory systems begins with short-term storage.

False

True or False: Classical conditioning forms memories through associations of stimuli.

True

True or False: The basal ganglia is the main structure responsible for long-term memory retrieval.

False