2014.6 - Memory

Memory retrieval: episodic memory VS. __________.

Familiarity

what did Farah (1994) find in in association to posterior parietal cortex?

it is responsible for semantic knowledge

occipital lobe lesions: apperceptive agnosia

inability to reproduce simple drawings, but able to verbally recall them (semantic)

posterior parietal lesions: associative agnosia

inability to verbally recall objects, but able to reproduce pictures of seen objects (semantic)

which cortical area visually process faces?

inferotemporal cortex (lesions = prosopagnosia)

which cortical areas are activated for visual object recognition?

left occipitotemporal cortex (found via PET)

what were Underleider’s PET findings of neural correlates of category specific knowledge for animal and tool object visual recognition?

brain regions active during object
identification are dependent in part on the intrinsic properties of the objects presented

Underleider’s PET: tool recognition visual areas

selectively activated a left premotor area (activated with hand movements); area in the left middle temporal gyrus (activated with action words)

Underleider’s PET: animal recognition visual areas

selectively activated the left medial temporal lobe (involved in the earlier stages of visual
processing)

The role of the __________ cortex in memory storage and retrieval?

Frontal

Which two structures are critically involved in __________ memory encoding?

Episodic

Familiarity is a form of memory stored in and around the __________ cortex.

Entorhinal

The __________ is required for encoding and retrieval of all declarative memory.

Hippocampus

How does learning occur at the neuronal level? Changes in connectivity strength, __________ or long term depression.

Long term potentiation (LTP)

_____ and _____ receptors are two important postsynaptic receptors activated by glutamate binding.

AMPA, NMDA

Activity strength during __________ correlates with future recognition of an item.

Encoding

The __________ lobe is involved in memory encoding and retrieval.

Medial temporal

Memories are stored in higher order __________ areas during long-term memory retrival.

Sensory

__________ memory is a form of episodic memory.

Source

Memories are __________ in many different places, linked by working memory.

Stored

Familiarity can be quantified by __________ judgments.

Confidence

The information converges in the __________, linking where, what, and when.

Hippocampus

The entorhinal cortex encodes only __________.

Familiarity

Which forms of memory are partly spared following __________ damage?

Hippocampal

How are explicit memories stored? They are __________.

Dispersed

The NMDA receptor is a key component to allow for __________ to occur.

LTP

Hippocampal place cells encode __________ over time.

Space

Memory storage is associated with the __________ properties of the objects presented.

Intrinsic

The Morris Water Maze tests for __________ learning.

Spatial

The __________ cortex parses 'where' and 'what' information.

Medial temporal

Memory retrieval tasks demonstrate a role for the __________ lobe.

Medial temporal

Familiarity is a form of 'gut feeling' memory and can occur independently of __________ memory.

Episodic

Activity at retrieval sorted according to __________.

the relevance and strength of the memory trace.

Which regions are selectively activated when subjects name drawings of animals? The __________ gyrus of the temporal lobe.

Fusiform

Which structures are involved in the encoding of familiarity? The __________ and __________ cortex.

Perirhinal, entorhinal

The hippocampus is mostly required for __________ of declarative memory.

Encoding

Reactivation of modality-specific cortex occurs during __________ memory retrieval.

Long-term

Source memory involves the context within which the words __________.

Appeared

The __________ hippocampus and __________ parahippocampal cortex exhibited recollection effects.

Posterior, posterior

A and B are correct about how __________ memories are stored in the brain.

Explicit

Where are episodic memories stored? Activity during __________ versus retrieval.

Encoding

Two regions in the medial temporal lobe are the posterior __________ cortex and posterior parahippocampal cortex.

Hippocampus

Changes in synaptic strength lead to __________ at the neuronal level.

Plasticity

Memory and the frontal cortex is categorized into left for __________ and right for object and place.

Verbal material

Functional-MRI activations correlate with __________ judgments.

Confidence

The hippocampus is required for both __________ and __________ memory.

Declarative, procedural

PM should be located near the __________ sulcus when subjects silently name objects.

Calcarine

Which structure is involved in episodic memory encoding besides the hippocampus? The __________ cortex.

Frontal

LTP induction involves Ca2+ influx which triggers __________ changes.

Structural

The __________ provides the anatomical basis for relational memory versus familiarity.

Medial temporal lobe

Memory encoding and retrieval shows engagement of both the left and right __________ cortex.

Frontal

H.M. study and fMRI studies suggest the hippocampus is not fully responsible for __________ memory.

Procedural

Cognitive abilities linking fragmented memories involve the __________.

Working memory

Which pathway shows LTP defects leading to spatial memory deficits? The __________ collateral pathway.

Schaffer

Hippocampal place cells exhibit a fairly stable __________ preference.

Place

The __________ gyrus and __________ area are associated with category-specific memory storage.

Fusiform, Broca's

Cortical regions exhibit increased blood flow during memory __________ tasks.

Naming

Learning at the neuronal level occurs through __________ transmission and synaptic plasticity.

Synaptic

Episodic memories require the __________ for accurate retrieval.

Hippocampus

True or False: The hippocampus is crucial for all types of memory retrieval.

False

True or False: Familiarity is independent of episodic memory.

True

True or False: Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process that strengthens synaptic connections.

True

True or False: The medial temporal lobe is involved only in procedural memory.

False

True or False: Confidence judgments can correlate with memory retrieval accuracy.

True

True or False: Memories are stored in a single location in the brain.

False

True or False: The entorhinal cortex is solely responsible for episodic memory.

False

True or False: The Morris Water Maze is used to assess spatial learning in animals.

True