AP HG Unit 6

site

the place where the stettlement is located; absolute location of a city ex. on a hill or in a sheltered valley

situation

describes where the settlements is in relation to other settlements and features of the surrounding area; relative location of a city ex. the settlement surrounded by forest or next to a larage city

urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities

origins of urbanization

1. Early humans were nomadic,
meaning no permanent home 2. Some decided to stop
and stay put in certain areas (settlements originated in
Mesopotamia: part of the Fertile Crescent in SW Asia). 3.
These areas began to grow in size and became cities as
we know them today 4. Early settlements were
agricultural villages that formed after humans began
growing food and crops 5. Typically located in fertile
river valleys (nutrient-rich topsoil/silt and water source
for crops) 6. Farmers were able to produce surplus
crops, which could feed larger populations 7. Led to
people being able to pursue other occupations and
trades

socioeconomic stratification

differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, and production or prestige

first urban revolution

agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of early cities

factors that influence urbanization

transportation, communications, rural to urban migration, redevelopment

transportation

innovations in transportation have shaped adn reshaped the alyout and size of cities and their surrounding areas over time

communication

innovations in communication systems allowed businesses, and therefore cities to grow

rural to urban migration

movement of people (typically farmers) from rural settlements to urban centers in search of jobs

redevelopment

set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times

megacities

10 million inhabitants or more

metacities

20 million inhabitants or more

micropolitan area

population between 10,000-50,000 people (smaller city and surrounding towns and counties)

megalopolis

a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together

metropolitan statistical area

a central city of at least 50,000 people and urban areas linked to it

suburbanization

a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of (sub)urban sprawl; as a consequence of the movement of households and businesses out of the city centers, low-density, peripheral urban areas grow

sprawl (or urban sprawl)

tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner

edge cities

nodes of economic activiity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

exurbs

district outside a city, especially a prosperous area beyond the suburbs; often found near farmland, beaches or mountains

boomburgs

large, rapidly growing, incorporated communities of more than 100,000 residents that are not the biggest city in theri region

world city (or global city)

city that is a contorl center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world’s commerical networks and financial markets

urban hierarchy

ranking urban settlements by: population size and economic function

transportation services

those activities designed to assist a person to travel from one place to another to obtain services or carry out life’s activities

communication systems

advanced communication systems that provide immediate access to information

business services

services whihc serve as links to the corporate headquarters of international companies

rank-size rule

country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largests settlement; describes a certain statistical regularity in the city-size distributions of countires and regions

primate city

an urban area that dominates its country’s economy, culture, and political affairs and is more than twice the population of the next largest city (pro: can attract international trade adn busincess; con: all services in one area)

christaller’s central place theory

explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists

central place

a settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers

threshold

the number of people required to support businesses

range

the distance people will travel to acquire a good

low-order central place functions

used by consumbers on a regular/daily basis and, as a result, people are not willing to travel far to use them (gas station)

high-order central place functions

used less frequently by consumers and, as a result, people are willing to travel further for it (hospitals)

gravity model

interaction of places based on their population, sizes, and distances between them

concentric-zone model

urban model by burgess; divides the city into five concentric zones, defined by their function, centered around the CBD (central business district)

sector model

created by Homer Hoyt; zones expanded outward from the city center along transportation corridors creating a wedge shape; as growth occurs, similar activities stay in the saem area and extend outward

multiple nuclei model

created by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman; CBD is scattered into several nodes, with transportation hubs near industries and airports; low income housing is found near workers while high income housing is found in elite districts

galactic (peripheral) city model

consists of an inner city, surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas and tied together by transportation nodes (edge cities)

latin america city model

model developed by Griffin and Ford attempting to generalize latin american cities; mall, spine, disamenity zone, ect.

african city model

created by Harm Deblij; fast growing cities with three CBDs: colonial CBD, traditional CBD, and market CBD; quality of residence get poorer the farther from the CBDs; lacks elite, middle class, or gentrification zones whihc shows a lack of development; ethnic neighborhoods reflect tribalism that exists throughout Africa

southeast asia model

This model was developed in 1967 by T.G. McGee. McGee studied several cities in Southeast Asia and discovered that they shared certain aspects of land use. Some similarities include: Old colonial port zone surrounded by a commercial business district, Western commercial zone, Alien Commercial Zone(dominated by Chinese merchants), No formal central business district (CBD), Hybrid sectors, & zones growing rapidly, New Industrial parks on the outskirts of the city

bid rent theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases

low density housing

residential homes, lots of open space fewest people per geographic unit (suburbs)

medium density housing

townhomes, single unit housing

high density housing

high rises, most people per unit (cities); land is more expensive in these areas and causes people to be more crammed into smaller apartments

infilling

process by which population density in an urban center is incrased by building on waste land or underused land

infrastructure

basic physical and organizational strucutres and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise

location and quality affects its staptial patterns of economic and social developement

Economic development and interconnection within urban areas are dependent upon the location and quality of infrastructure (for example, public transportation, airports, roads, communication systems, water and sewer systems).

The fastest growing cities are found in developing countries which have just recently just industrialized. While residents in both New York City & Moscow have an elaborate airport, road, water, and communication systems, these rapidly growing cities are having issues keeping up with the demands of population increases.

In developing countries, modern technologies in transportation and public facilities are not very available. While all cities in developing countries are different culturally, most share a few similarities, other than not being able to keep up with the public services and infrastructure. Secondly, some are ancient, but almost all have a colonial legacy, established to serve the needs of the colonizing country

Third, many of these cities have a large number of migrants illegally living on the outskirts of the city, called squatter settlements, and finally, some governments have responded by moving the national capital away from the overcrowded primate city to a new location. This action is called forward capitals

smart-growth

urban planning that avoids urban sprawl and focuses on long term implications with sustainable design initiatives and guides development into more convenient patterns and into areas where infrastructure allows growth to be sustained over the long term

new urbanism

walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces

greenbelts

areas of underdeveloped land around an urban area; it usually includes running and biking paths and tends to incorporate many tunnels and small gardnes; it also limits the sprawl of urban areas

slow-growth cities

slowing a city’s growth to limit the problems associated with growth and improve sustainability

de facto segregation

racial segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement

postivies of urban sustainability

reduction of sprawl, improve walkability and transportation, improved adn diverse housing options, and improved livability and promotion of sustainable options

negatives of urban sustainability

increased housing costs, possible de facto segregation, and potential loss of historical or place character

quantitative data

data that involves numbers and statistics - can be measured; with his data from the census, lawmakers can create maps to look at residential and racial segregation

qualitative data

data that involves descriptive depictions or characteristics of a research topic - often based on people’s perceptions or opinions; maps commonly show ethnicity of neighborhoods and other characteristics like predominant gender

redlining

a discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purhcase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods

blockbusting

a real estate technique to encourage peopel to sell their property at a very low price giving the impression that the neighborhood was changing for the worse, especially in reference to minorities moving in and led to a significant turnover in housing whihc benefitted real estate agents and led to the “white flight” to the suburbs

affordable housing

residential units that are economical for the section of society whose imcome is below the median household income

access to services

measure of people’s ability to pay for services without financial hardship

rising crime rates

contributing factors include lack of job availability, less access to quality schools, and real or perceived lack of opportunity

environmental injustice

disproportionate exposure to communities of color and the poor to pollution and its effects on health and the environment; includes lack of access to healthy food (deserts), inadequate transportation, unsafe neighborhoods with poor air and water quality

disamenity zones

area located within the city characterized by slums and the homeless and in extreme cases are controlled by gangs

sqautter settlements

residential areas characterized by extreme poverty with shelters constructed of found materials that usually exist on land outside of cities that are neither owned or rented by its occupants with little to no access to necessary services

land tenure

system regulating the rights to ownership and control and usage of land

inclusionary zoning

planning ordinances that provide affordable housing to poepel with low to moderate incomes

local food movements

food that is produces within a short distance of where it is consumed, often accompanied by a social strucutre and supply chain different from the large-scale supermarket system

urban renewal

the redevelopment of areas within an urban area, typically neighborhoods in economic decline

gentrification

the restoration of deteriorated urban ares by wealthier people who move into, renovate, and restore housing and sometimes businesses

negative of gentrification

impacts existing groups, displaces poorer residents, disregards the needs and interests of vulnerable groups, disregards the lawful rights of vulnerable groups and disproportionately improves quality of life

postive of gentrification

new employment opportunities, improved infrastructure, and increase in visitors/tourism

urban sustainability

the goal of improving the social and economic conditions of an increasingly urbanized population while maintaining environmental quality

suburban sprawl

the spreading of developments (such as housing developments and shopping centers) into suburban or rural areas

causes suburabn sprawl

pollution leads to increased greenhouse gasses, acid rain, and ozone depletion; as cities expand, particularly on suburban fringes, extenisve amounts of land are developed, leaving less land for agriculture and causing loss of natural habitats and fragile landscapes that are difficult or impossible to regenrate

brownfield

is a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence of potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant

ecological footprint

measure of the human pressures on the natural environment from the consumption of renewable resources

responses to the challenges of urban sustainability

regional planning efforts, remediation and redevelopment of brownfields, establishment of urban growth boundaries, and farmland protection policies