IB Physics - Ultimate Study Guide

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40 Terms

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Orders of Magnitude

A method to express large or small numbers using powers of ten (e.g., 10^4 for 10000).

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Significant Figures

The digits in a number that contribute to its precision, including all non-zero digits and any zeros between them.

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Uncertainty

An estimate of the difference between a measurement and the true value, influenced by random and systematic errors.

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Random Error

Unpredictable fluctuations in measurement readings due to uncontrolled factors.

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Systematic Error

Errors resulting from faulty systems or flaws in the experimental method.

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Absolute Uncertainty

Uncertainty expressed as a fixed quantity.

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Fractional Uncertainty

Uncertainty expressed as a fraction of the total measurement.

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Percentage Uncertainty

Uncertainty expressed as a percentage of the total measurement.

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Scalars

Quantities that have magnitude only (e.g., distance).

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Vectors

Quantities that have both magnitude and direction (e.g., displacement).

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Error Bars

Graphical representations of uncertainty in measurements on graphs.

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Lines of Best Fit

A straight line drawn to minimize the distance between data points on a graph.

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Kinematics

The study of motion, including concepts like distance, speed, and acceleration.

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Scalars vs

Scalars have only magnitude (e.g., speed), while vectors have both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity).

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SUVAT Equations

Four kinematic equations used to describe motion with constant acceleration.

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Projectile Motion

Motion of an object under the influence of gravity, analyzed in vertical and horizontal components.

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Newton’s First Law

An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force.

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Newton’s Second Law

The resultant force on an object is directly proportional to its acceleration (F=ma).

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Newton’s Third Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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Contact Forces

Forces that act between objects in physical contact (e.g., friction).

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Non-Contact Forces

Forces that act at a distance (e.g., gravitational force).

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Hooke’s Law

The extension of a material is directly proportional to the applied force up to the limit of proportionality.

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Conservation of Linear Momentum

The total momentum before a collision equals the total momentum after, barring external forces.

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Impulse

The change in momentum of an object, equal to the force applied over time.

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Centripetal Force

The force required to keep an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the center of the circle.

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Thermal Equilibrium

A state where two objects share the same temperature, resulting in no net heat flow.

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Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K.

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Phase Change

The transition of a substance from one state of matter to another (e.g., melting, boiling).

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Pressure

The force exerted per unit area, calculated as P = F/A.

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Ideal Gas Equation

PV = nRT, relating pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a gas.

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Kinetic Model of an Ideal Gas

Assumes perfectly elastic collisions and negligible molecular volume.

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Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

A type of periodic motion where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement.

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Wave Properties

Characteristics of waves, including amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed.

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Doppler Effect

The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the source of the wave.

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Gravitational Field

A region where a mass experiences a force due to another mass.

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Electric Field

A region where a charge experiences a force due to another charge.

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Capacitance

The ability of a system to store charge per unit voltage.

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Electromagnetic Induction

The process of generating an electromotive force (EMF) through a changing magnetic field.

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Quantum Tunneling

A phenomenon where particles pass through a potential barrier they classically shouldn't be able to cross.

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Stellar Evolution

The process by which a star changes over time, including stages like main sequence, red giant, and supernova.