Heroin and Opiates

Opiates

Naturally occurring alkaloids from opium poppy.

Opioids

Synthetic or semisynthetic compounds mimicking opiates.

Morphine

Principal alkaloid of opium, used for analgesia.

Heroin

Semisynthetic derivative of morphine, synthesized in 1874.

Papaver somniferum

Scientific name for the opium poppy plant. Found in regions like Afghanistan and Southeast Asia

Mechanism of action of opiates

Opiates bind to receptors in the CNS resulting in CNS depression - prevents recognition of pain, can produce euphoria.

Variations in structure affect potency and side effects

Theraputic uses of opiates

Postoperative analgesia - pain relief from surgeries, chronic pain, management of trauma, particularly in cancer patients

Methadone are employed in detoxification programs for heroin addiction

Adverse effects

• Euphoria

• Sedation

• Analgesia

• Nausea, vomiting

• Respiratory depression

• Stroke

• Hormonal imbalances

Withdrawl from opiates

Begins 8-12 hours after the last dose

Peaking at 48-72hrs

causes insomnia, muscle aches, gastrointestinal distress

Absorption and distribution of opiates

Readily absorbed through many routes - subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous

Heroin is more fat soluble than morphine allowing it to cross the blood brain barrier rapidly - quicker effects

Metabolism and Excretion of opiates

Metabolised in the liver

metabolites excreted in urine

Heroin converted to morphine in the body - not conclusive

6MAM is the main metabolite that if detected is conclusive evidence of heroin use

Analytical techniques

Samples extracted from biological matrixes using liquid liquid extraction or solid phase extraction

Screening/presumptive tests - not specific but indicators - immunoassays, TLC, Colour - marquis

Confirmatory - GCMS, LCMS