genetics chapter 19

Cancer

somatic

generally cancer is a _____ disease where it occurs through mitosis

proliferation

abnormal cell growth and division

metastasis

spread to other parts of body

benign

tumor remains localized 

malignant

considered cancer because it ‘can’ invade other tissues but it hasn’t yet

metastatic

tumors that have another found secondary tumor in another tissue

Alfred knudson

(1971)- multi-hit hypothesis- several mutations occur before a cell becomes cancerous

older

The ____ patients had multiple mutations later in their life for a tumor to develop, meaning they were not inherited

younger

The _____ patents had a gene already mutated (RB1) when birthed and when they had another they immediately had the tumor.

clonal

multiple rounds of ____ evolution allow tumor cells to become aggressive

tumorigenesis

development of a malignant tumor

mechanisms

Repair ________ kick in after damage to DNA hopefully fix before replication again

apoptosis

programmed cell death (skin between fingers, webs have to go away)

generations

the mutations are most likely spread out over ______ of cells rather than right after each other.

stem cell

cancer _____ ____ hypothesis says that some cells are passenger and some are STEM cell-like (driver) cells which help the tumor grow

driver

_____ mutations: push the cell towards cancer development (ex. onocongens or tumor-suppressor)

passeneger

do not contribute to tumorigenesis

(ex. telomerase)

oncogenes

**dominant** acting driver mutation (mutated proton-oncogene)

tumor-suppressor

A mutated ___________ driver gene is **recessive** in nature and cannot control cell division

BRAC

Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with breast cancer

RB1

What tumor-suppressor gene is associated with the eye cancer that Knudson found

checkpoint

The tumor suppressor genes and protocols-onconogenes deal with making sure that the cell does or doesn’t make it through the ________. aka not just flying through replication

cyclin

______ is a family of proteins that controls the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) enzymes or group of enzymes required for synthesis of cell cycle.

p53

the tumor suppressor gene mutated in more than 50% of cancers, it regulates **50+ genes** so when it gets mutated, immediately **50+ hits**!

hits

Translocation can cause ___ because of the position effects.

heterozygosity

Loss of ______ means one gene is remaining for an allele.

pseudodominance

appearance of a trait in a cell that is heterozygous for a normally recessive trait (ex. one *a* shows *aa* phenotype)

haploinsuffciency

one copy of a product is not enough for wild-type phenotype (one a shows the A phenotype or one A shows a phenotype), may increase likelihood for more mutations

telomerase

activated in many tumor cells and allows unlimited cell division. usually used in extending telomeres

vascularization

The genes that control _____ are often over expressed when a tumor is present because they need nutrients

miRNA

control gene expression, usually lower the miRNA, the worse the cancer is (stages 1-4) (artificial miRNA made to regulate mutated genes)

epigenetics

changes to the methylation or acetylation of the chromatin structure which changes gene expression, maybe remodel so that mutated gene is closed off

instability

Genome ______ is when the mutated gene flies through replication without stopping at checkpoint which leads to random translations being replicated. This causes some treatments to work sometimes and then stop.

HPV

The ___ virus predisposes people to cervical cancer or oral cancers

position

When a virus lands near or in a proto-oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene it can cause a _____ effect and a mutation

delay

the cancer and lung cancer graphs show a ____ between the rise in buying cigarettes and the rise the lung cancer of about 15-20 years. This shows it takes multiple hits to show the cancer mutations