VTEC 1030 - Exam 1 (Therapeutic Bath, Repro, Bandages, and Wound Management)

Velpeau sling

non-weight bearing sling type bandage used to support the shoulder joint after surgery

bacteria, yeast

Use staining if __?__/__?__ is suspected in aural swab.

ear mites

If __?__ are suspected in aural swab, use mineral oil.

Anal sacs

reservoirs for anal gland secretions, the expression of which is a routine part of therapeutic bathing; paired structures between internal and external sphincter muscles at 4 and 8 o'clock; impaction is indicated by excessive licking of the perineum and "scooting" on rear

Insecticides or medicated shampoo

therapeutic bathing tools that should be used only with the doctor's approval and are important to ensure proper labeling and instruction following

6-7 months

length of the average canine estrous cycle

Proestrus

period of the estrous cycle that is the time leading up to estrus

Estrus

the time of sexual receptivity and mating

Diestrus

the time of pregnancy establishment

Anestrus

time when female is not undergoing reproductive events

Parturition

the process of giving birth; occurs between diestrus (pregnancy establishment) and anestrus (no reproductive events) if a pregnancy has been established

luteinizing hormone

Breeding in dogs occurs during estrus, the time of which can be determined by a spike in P4 and __?__ levels observed through vaginal cytcology.

60 days

length of canine gestation

43 days

Pregnancy can be diagnosed in dogs using radiographs after __?__ due to ossification of the fetus' bones.

Stage I (canine parturition)

stage of canine parturition usually lasting 6-12 hours and indicated by restlessness and nesting behavior; uterine contractions begin without an abdominal effort and temperature drops 24 hours before parturition due to progesterone drop

Stage II (canine parturition)

stage of canine parturition at which the puppies are actually delivered; should be 20-60 minutes per puppy with no more than 2 hours between

Dystocia

difficulty giving birth; not as common in cats as in other domestic species; indicated by continual ocntractions for 30 minutes without progress, weak, infrequent contractions for two hours with no progress, a prolonged interval between pups, and a "stuck" puppy due to malpositioning or large size

Anterior presentation

normal presentation of birth in which both front feet are up with one extended a little further with the nose between the feet

Posterior presentation

when an animal leads with its hind feet when leaving the birth canal; is considered normal in dogs

Breech presentation

any type of birth position that is not anterior or posterior presenting and that could cause concern for dystocia due to malpositioning

Induced ovulator

species that ovulates only as a result of breeding; e.g., cats

3

Cats have the most success at being bred on day __?__ of estrus.

50%

Less than __?__ of cats ovulate with a single mating.

60 days

length of feline gestation, though it can vary due to cats being able to be bred multiple times during estrus

40

Cats can be diagnosed with pregnancy via radiographs after day __?__.

July 21st

The peak of equine estrous activity occurs near __?__ because they are long-day seasonally polyestrous.

12-24 months

Fillies experience puberty (first puberty) between __?__.

Seasonally polyestrous

many estrous periods during certain periods of the year; e.g., equine

Follicular phase

the first phase of the ovarian cycle in equine, during which a follicle (an oocyte and its surroudning cells) enlarges and matures

Luteal phase

the menstrual stage in equine in which the corpus luteum develops

Teasing methods

methods used to gauge whether a mare is prepared for breeding or not by placing a stallion near them; will retaliate if not in heat; will raise tail and urinate if receptive

4pm and 8am

Mares usually ovulate 24 hours before the end of estrus, often between __?__ with a 12-hour breeding window afterwards.

February 15 - July 15

Breeding season for horses is typically from __?__ in many breeds.

palpated

Equine follicles are large enough to be __?__ via the rectum.

13

Equine pregnancy can be diagnosed via ultrasound by __?__ days.

11 months

length of equine gestation

Foal heat

first estrus that occurs shortly after parturition; within 2-18 days; mares are often bred during this period to maintain foaling interval of 12 months

70 minutes

The foal should be out within __?__ for the best chance of survival.

7-8 hours

Bovine have a short heat of about __?__.

Metestrus

short period of the estrous cycle after sexual receptivity during which blood is seen in vulvar discharge within 3 days of heat; corpus hemorrhagicum occurs, and ovulation depression fills with blood

Controlled internal drug release (CIDR)

an intravaginal progesterone insert used in conjunction with hormones to synchronize estrus; used in livestock commonly

9 months

length of bovine gestation

Flushing

feeding a higher level of nutrition before breeding, thereby increasing the number of oocytes and the chances for multiple births

Leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, and Chlamydophila abortus

infections that have the potential to cause abortion, specifically in sheep and goats which otherwise have low abortion rates

Primary layer

the layer of a bandage in direct contact with the wound

Secondary layer

the middle layer of a bandage that absorbs exudates and pads the wound; generally gauze is used

Tertiary layer

the final layer of bandaging that holds and protects the other two layers; used for support; generally made up of adhesive tape, elastic bandages, VetWrap, and a conforming stretch gauze

Adherent primary layer

used to remove necrotic tissue and exudate when removed; usually sterile gauze used in the early stages of wound healing

Dry-to-dry dressings

adherent primary bandage used when loose necrotic tissue is evident; gauze is placed over the wound with an absorbent wrap holding it in place; removal is painful because dead tissue is adhered to the bandage

Wet-to-dry dressings

adherent primary bandage used for wounds with dried exudates; bandage is applied wet and absorbs the material from the wound; saline or chlorhexidine can be used to moisten bandage

Wet-to-wet dressings

adherent primary bandage used on wounds with large amounts of exudate; absorb fluid easily and can be used to heat the wound to enhance capillary action; removed wet and causes less pain; negative aspect is the little wound debridement that occurs due to decreased adhesion to necrotic tissue

Nonadherent primary layer

used when granulation tissue is starting to form to minimize injury during bandage changes; moisture retaining bandages maintain a warm and moist environment, which improves epithelialization and assists in debridement

Robert Jones bandage

a heavily padded compression bandage whose primary role is to support a limb; used to temporarily immobilize limbs distal to the elbow or stifle joint; relies on an extremely thick secondary layer such as cast padding or cotton

Modified Robert Jones bandage

"soft-padded bandage"; bandage that is similar to a Robert Jones bandage but with a much thinner secondary layer

Ehmer sling

non-weight bearing sling type bandage used to support the hind limb after reduction of hip luxation

Hobbles

applied to hind limbs to prevent excessive abduction after hip luxation reduction

Inflammatory (lag) phase

first phase of wound healing during which a clotting cascade occurs and macrophages and neutrophils arrive at the site; the first 3-5 days of wound, during which the wound is at its weakest and dehiscence may occur

Proliferative phase

second phase of wound healing that overlaps with the first phase; begins 2-3 day safter injury and can continue for several weeks depending on wound severity; fibroblasts and growth factors arrive at the site, granulation and epithelialization occurs, and wound begins contraction

Maturation phase

the third phase of wound healing, in which scar tissue forms; wound is not at its strongest but will never be as strong as it once was

age, nutrition, wound origin and contamination

factors affecting wound healing...

Debridement

the removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing; can be done surgically, enzymatically, mechanically, staged, or en bloc

Clean wound

wound made under aseptic conditions; nontraumatic, uninfected would that does not enter hollow viscus

Clean-contaminated wound

a surgical wound into which a hollow viscus is entered, without significant contamination, or a surgical wound with a minor break in sterile technique

Contaminated wound

open traumatic wound; a surgical wound with a major break in sterile technique; a surgical wound into contaminated areas, such as colon, or inflamed/contaminated skin

Dirty and infected wound

old traumatic wound or an infected wound or perforated viscera; a wound with over 100,000 bacteria per gram of tissue

Primary intention healing

tissue surfaces are approximated (closed) and there is minimal or no tissue loss, formation of minimal granulation tissue and scarring

Delayed primary closure

a combination of primary and secondary healing, where the wound is left open for 2-3 days before it is closed with sutures; appropriate for wounds older than 6-8 hours due to likely contamination and questionable ability to heal

Secondary closure

wound is left opened and closes gradually through natural healing; wounds older than 6-8 hours with obvious necrosis and infection; forms healthy granulation tissue and then is closed by opposition of granulation surfaces

Second intention healing

method of healing in which wound edges are not surgically approximated and integumentary continuity is restored by the process known as granulation

Dead space

passageways that transport air but are not available for gaseous exchange (e.g., trachea, bronchi)

Passive drain

a surgically placed implant that uses gravity and overflow to facilitate the removal of unwanted fluid or gas

Active drain

a surgically placed implant that actively creates negative-pressure gradients to facilitate the removal of unwanted fluid or gas

Abrasions

partial thickness dermal wound; best to maintain moist wound environment

Lacerations

tearing of skin and deeper tissues; relatively sharply incised with minimal trauma to surrounding area

Degloving injuries

large section of skin is torn off the underlying tissue; leads to severe tissue loss and week to months of wound care; common tail injury

Bite wounds

injuries caused by animal or human bites; usually worse than they appear (iceberg effect); always considered contaminated; drains commonly used

Decubitus ulcers (pressure sores)

sores caused by the pressure of skin against a surface for long periods; can range from a pink discoloration of the skin to a deep wound that may invade into bone or organs; also known as bedsores; elbow is the most common location

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