Eye and Vision Concerns (Final)

dry eye disease

-Loss of homeostasis

of the tear film

-Due to allergies,

pollution,

medications, skin

conditions, or

improper contact

use

blepharitis

inflammation of the eyelid margin

anterior blepharitis

outer side of the eyelid

posterior belpharitis

inner side of the eyelid

S/S of blepharitis

redness, swelling,

crust on the eyelid,

itchiness, stye,

chalazion, dry eye

stye (hordeolum)

bacterial infection of an oil gland in the eye

chalazion

cysts in eyelid caused by blocked oil gland

conjunctivitis

inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva "pink eye"

S/S of conjunctivitis

engorged blood

vessels, pain, ocular

discharge

acute conjunctivitis

< 4 weeks

chronic conjunctivitis

> 4 weeks

infectious conjunctivitis

viral (adenovirus, herpes, enterovirus), bacterial (Staph aureus, Strep pneumonia, H influenza, gonorrhea, chlamydia), fungal, and parasites

non-infectious conjunctivitis

allergies, pollution, toxins

myopia

-"nearsightedness"

-Shape of the eye makes

light focus in front of the retina rather than on the retina

S/S of myopia

difficulties seeing

things far away,

squinting, eye strain

hyperopia

-"farsightedness"

-Shape of the eye makes

light focus behind the

retina rather than on the

retina

S/S of hyperopia

difficulty seeing

things up close, eye

strain, headaches

astigmatism

blurry or distorted vision caused by an abnormally shaped cornea or lens

S/S of astigmatism

night vision issues,

eye strain, headaches,

amblyopia (lazy eye)

presbyopia

-"age related farsightedness"

-occurs when the lens hardens and cannot bend light on to the retina

cataracts

-Blurry vision

-Faded colors

-Photosensitivity

-Halo around

light

-Trouble seeing

at night

-Double vision

gluacoma

-loss of peripheral vision

-blindness

macular degeneration

-loss of fine detail vision

-loss of vision of objects directly ahead

-blindness

increased intraocular pressure

IOP

-Beta-AR and carbonic anhydrase signaling

-prostaglandin receptors

What are the points of therapeutic intervention for gluacoma?

open-angle glaucoma

-Slow blockage of drainage canals

-Increased intraocular pressure

-Wide and open angle between the iris

and cornea

-Develops slowly and is a lifelong condition

-Symptoms are not noticed

-Most common

corticosteroids

What medications cause open-angle glaucoma?

closed-angle glaucoma

-Caused by blockage of drainage canals

-Results in sudden rise in intraocular

pressure

-Closed or narrow angle between the iris

and cornea

-Develops rapidly

-Symptoms and damage are noticeable

-Requires immediate medical attention

-anticholinergics

-antihistamines

-topiramate

What are the medications that cause closed-angle gluacoma?

Macular Degeneration

-Loss of fine detail

vision

-Loss of vision of

objects directly

ahead

-Blindness

wet macular degeneration

-Abnormal blood vessel growth increases

risk of blood/fluid leakage

-Due to increased VEGF

-S/S: straight lines appear wavy, rapid

central vision loss

dry macular degeneration

-Macular thins over time as part of the

aging process

-S/S: drusen deposits, gradual blurring over

time

diabetic retinopathy

-Cotton-wool spots

-Exudates

-Blurry vision

-Blindness

-Diabetic macular

edema

-Retinal detachment

-Neovascular

glaucoma

-Aqueous humor

production→ -AR,

carbonic anhydrase

-Aqueous humor

outflow→ ⍺2-AR,

prostaglandin, mAChR

What is the therapeutic points of intervention for gluacoma?

VEGF signaling

What is the therapeutic point of intervention for age related muscular degeneration?

surgery and management of symptoms

Since there is no points of therapeutic intervention for cataracts what are the options?

VEGF signaling

What is the point of therapeutic intervention for diabetic retinopathy?

anticholinergics because they block muscarinic receptors in lacrimal glands (antihistamines, TCAs)

What meds cause dry eye?

steroids inhibit lens proliferation and differentiation

What meds cause cataracts?

corticosteroids, anticholinergics and antihistamines, and topiramate

What meds cause gluacoma?

corticosteroids causing gluacoma

increase

resistance to aqueous humor

outflow leading to open-angle

glaucoma

anticholinergics and antihistamines

dilates pupils

leading to closed-angle

glaucoma

topiramate

shifts the lens-iris

diaphragm to cause closed-

angle glaucoma

common dry eye conditions

-dry eye

-blepharitis

-stye and chalazion

-conjunctivitis

vision impairments

-myopia

-hyperopia

-astigmatism

-presbyopia

vision-reducing disease

-cataracts

-gluacoma