Endocrine Glands C- Exam 5

Parathyroid Gland

4 pea sized glands, located in back of thyroid gland

Parathyroid Gland function

secretes PTH which inc blood calcium concentration

normal range of blood calcium concentration and what happens if low

10mg/ deciliter, if below this level PTH is secreted

How is PTH secreted

PTH has receptor in bone and removes extra calcium into blood. PTH has receptor in small intestine epithelial cells which inc calcium absorption. Has a receptor in distal tubule which accelerates calcium absorption by capillary

What is PTH important for?

converison of inactive form to active form of vitamin D

what is the active form of vitamin D called

1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol

what will occur if there is a deficiency of PTH

patient will have osteoporosis

why is patient at risk for osetoporosis in both hypo and hyper parathyroidism?

bc in hyperparathyroidism the calcium is removed from blood which changed bone density and in hypoparathyroidism it is due to deficiency of vitamin D and hypocalcemiawh

what does vitamin d do?

it accelerates the absorption of calcium by bone

Pancreas location

behind the stomach between duodenum and spleen

Pancreas exocrine function

enzymes in digestive system

pancreas endocrine function

has alpha cells that secrete glucagon, beta cells that secrete insulin, and delta cells that secrete somatostatin

what cells are similar to somatostatin and what percent of them are there

polypeptide pancreatic cells and less than 1% have them

normal range of blood glucose

65-120 mg/dl

when patient has hyperglycemia what is occurs

insulin is active

when patient has hypoglycemia what occurs

glucagon is active

somatostatin function

inhibits both insulin and glucagon

insulin is what kind of hormone

paracrine hormone

glucagon has receptor in…

liver

glucagon function

inc blood glucose concentration bc it accelerates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, but prevents glycogenesis

Insulin function (5)

1. stimulates target cell to uptake glucose

2. inhibits glycogenolysis, but accelerates glycogenesis

3. controls blood K+ concentration

4. prevents degradation of fat and formation of ketone body

5. inhibits lipolysis

Type 1 Diabetes, what, causes, treatment

autoimmune, immune system destroys beta cells

leads to deficiency of insulin, patient at risk of hyperglycemia, glucourea (inc risk of destruction of nephron), ketoacidosis, ketourea, vasculopathy (destruction of blood vessels by excess glucose), neuropathy (peripheral or central, bc neurons cannot recieve glucose), can destroy optic nerve, can cause blindness, polyurea, polydipsia, dehydration, proteinuria, loose weight bc of excess lipolysis (breaks down fat tissue + continuously breaks down ketone body)

treatment: insulin replacement, subdermal or iv

Type 2 diabetes cause, S/S, treatment

insulin receptors become resistant to insulin hormone

S/S similar to type 1 except weight gain instead of loss

treatment: metformin which dec blood sugar, work on diet, excerise, loose weight

Insulinoma

cancer of beta cells, patient has hypoglycemia

glucagonoma

excess glucagon, causes hyperglycemia, cancer of alpha cells

S/S: irritation of skin in shoulder region + axillary region, tongue is red

Pineal Gland location

posterior region of 3rd ventricle in brain

Pineal Gland function

secretes melatonin, which is secreted by darkness, controls sleep

What occurs with age to pineal gland

risk of atrophy inc, synthetic melatonin can be used to control sleep

Estrogen

makes endometrium smoother/ puffier for ovum

Progesterone (when/ what is secreted by, function)

secreted during 2nd and 3rd trimesters by remnants of follice cells, maintains endometrium for implantation of fertilized ovum

what happens if progesterone levels drop during pregnancy

spontaneous abortion

Testosterone

important for development of male genitalia organs and descending of testicles from abdominal cavity to scrotum, controls body temp and metabolism, sleep, mood, indirectly stimulates bone marrow of secretion of RBC, after puberty makes muscles, sexual activity (reproductive life)

if male has deficiency of testosterone what can occur

depression

HCG

first hormone secreted by placenta, is a positive sign for pregnancy when detected in blood or urine, maintains follice cells in ovary

prolactin

prepares mammary glands for breast feeding, most important function in pregnancy is it suppresses FSH and LH which prevents menstruation and ovulation

what are the precursors of prostaglandin, oxytocin, and relaxin

TSH, PTH, and ACTH

relaxin

relaxes joints of hip to make more space for pregnancy and cervix + uterus for delivery

prostaglandins

act as a vasodilator, some act as vasconstrictor, important for erection

what is used for erectile dysfunction

synthetic prostaglandin

what inc during fever

prostaglandin E2

what happens during a fever

PGE2 levels inc which causes irritation of temperature center in anterior hypothalamus causing fever

what can be done to fight fever and what is the mechanism

take an aspirin which suppresses the COX2 enzyme effect bc it has an important role in PGE2 formation, so COX2 levels drop causing inflammation and fever to drop