final

final

**The primary storage form of lipid is ____ and it is normally stored in the ____.**

**triacylglycerols; adipocytes**

**Bile salts are important in the initial digestion of triacylglycerols in the intestine because they:**

**Emulsify the triacylglycerol globules to produce greater surface area which will increase the activity of the lipase.**

**Transport of fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix requires:**

**ATP, carnitine and coenzyme A**

**What is the correct order of function of the following enzymes of b-oxidation? 1. b-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 2. Thiolase 3. Enoyl-CoA hydratase 4. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase**

**4,3,1,2**

**If the 16-carbon SFA, palmitate is oxidized completely to CO2 and H2O (via the β-oxidation and TCA), and all of the energy-conserving products are used to drive ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion, the the net yield of ATP per molecule of palmitate is:**

**106**

**In the disease sprue, B12 is poorly absorbed in the intestine, resulting in B12 deficiency. If each of the following FAs were in the diet, for which one would the process of FA oxidation be most affected in a patient with sprue?**

**CH3(CH2)11COOH**

(T/F)The formation of ketone bodies results from depleted oxaloacetate concentrations in the citric acid cycle.

True

What are the three most common ketone bodies?

Acetone, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate

Which of the following is not required in the synthesis of fatty acids?

NADH

Which of the following is not true of the fatty acid synthase and the fatty acid b-oxidation systems?

The processes both occur in the mitochondrial matrix.

Which of these statements about triacylglycerol synthesis is correct?

Insulin stimulates conversion of dietary carbohydrate into TAGs.

The synthesis of both glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerols involves:

phosphatidic acid.

Very-low density lipoproteins are rich in:

Endogenous triacylglycerol

Which of the following is not a step in the uptake of cholesterol from the bloodstream into cells?

The internalized receptor is degraded

Glutamate is metabolically converted to α-ketoglutarate and NH4+ by a process described as:

oxidative deamination.

The coenzyme involved in a transaminase (or aminotransferase) reactions requires which vitamin?

pyridoxine (vitamin B6).

The –NH2 from skeletal muscle is transported to liver in the form of:

Alaninem 

The first NH4+ in the urea cycle comes from:

carbamoyl phosphate.

The production of one urea molecule consumes _____ATP molecules.

4

**Tetrahydrofolate (THF) and its derivatives shuttle ______between different substrates.**

**Methyl groups**

**The metabolism of branched chain amino acids occurs primarily in the:**

**Muscle**

**The rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is**

**The reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase**

**What chemical feature determines if a sugar is an aldose or a ketose?**

**The position of the carbonyl carbon**

**What name is given to monosaccharides that differ in configuration around one carbon atom?**

**Epimers**

**Which of the following is not true about cyclization of monosaccharides?**

**Monosaccharides with 4C or more often form a ring structure in aqueous solutions**

**Hemoglobin glycation is a process where _________ is __________ attached to hemoglobin**

**Glucose; non-enzymatically**

T/F **Reducing disaccharides (sugars) do not have a free hydroxyl group at the anomeric carbon while non-reducing sugars do**

**False**

**Amylose and amylopectin are the principle storage polysaccharides of:**

**Plants**

**There are ________ reducing end(s) and _________ non-reducing end(s) found in glycogen and starch**

**One, many**

**Which of the following fatty acids is 16:0?**

**Palmitic acid**

**The desaturation and elongation of alpha-linolenic acid can produce which of the following:**

**EPA and DHA**

**Biological waxes are all:**

**esters of single fatty acids with long-chain alcohols.**

**True or False, the precursor to eicosanoids are essential fatty acids?**

**true**

**Which of the following molecules or substances contain, or are derived from, fatty acids?**

**All of the above contain or are derived from fatty acids.**

**Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like aspirin and ibuprofen act by blocking production of:**

**Prostaglandins.**

**An integral membrane protein can be extracted with:**

**a solution containing detergent.**

**The fluidity of the lipid side chains in the interior of a biolayer is generally increased by:**

**An increase in the number of double bonds in fatty acids**

**When a bacterium such as E. coli is shifted from a warmer growth temperature to a cooler growth temperature, it compensates by:**

**Increasing its metabolic rate to generate more heat**

**Facilitated diffusion through a biological membrane is**

**driven by a difference of solute concentration**

**The type of membrane transport that uses ion gradients as the energy source is:**

**Secondary active transport.**

**In one catalytic cycle, the Na+/K+ ATPase transporter transports:**

**3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in, and converts 1 ATP to ADP + Pi.**

**The Na+-Glucose cotransport system is an example of:**

**Facilitated transport**

**The nucleic acid bases:**

**are roughly planar**

**A major component of RNA but not DNA is** 

**uracil**

**What other name can be given to a nucleotide?**

**nucleoside phosphate**

T/F **The OH- group in 2’ position of mRNA allows it to be stable in cells**

**FALSEE**

**Chargaff's rules state that in typical DNA:**

**A+G=T+C**

**If you have a DNA molecule that contains 16% adenine, using Chargaff’s rule, what percentage of Cytosine do you have?**

34

**Which of the following deoxyoligonucleotides will hybridize with a DNA containing the (5')AGACTGGTC(3') sequence**

**(5')GACCAGTCT(3')**

**The vitamin A derivative that binds to DNA to promote gene expression and protein synthesis is:**

**retinoic acid**

**In the laboratory, several factors are known to cause alteration of the chemical structure of DNA. The factor(s) likely to cause these structural changes in DNA is (are):**

**Heat and pH extremes**

**(T/F)Double Helix DNA structures containing more A-T base pairs than C-G base pairs are more difficult to separate using laboratory technique**

False

**In living cells, nucleotides and their derivatives can serve as**

**All of the above**

t/f **Anabolic processes involve degradation of complex molecules into simpler molecules with the net release of chemical energy.**

False

t/f The anabolic and catabolic processes of cellular metabolism can be coupled by ATP.

true

t/f Reactions in metabolic pathways that are subject to regulation are those that are displaced near/at equilibrium

true

T/F Reactions in metabolic pathways that are subject to regulation are those that are displaced near/at equilibrium

true

**An increase in the ratio of [AMP]:[ATP] during exercise causes an increase in the following physiological responses except:**

fatty acid synthesis

**Which of the following does not contribute to the regulation of enzymatic activity?**

DNA stability

Which combination of cofactors is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

**TPP, lipoic acid, and NAD+**

Which enzyme of the citric acid cycle can donate iron when cellular concentrations are low?

**aconitase**

T/F The two carbon atoms that are lost as CO2 in the third and fourth steps of the citric acid cycle are the same as the two carbon atoms of acetyl CoA

false

Taking one molucole of glucose through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle generates:

**6C02, 10 NADH/H+, 2FADH2 and 4 ATP**

Entry of acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle is decreased when:

**the ratio of [ATP]/[ADP] is high.**

Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to:

**Water**

T/F Mitochondrial cristae decrease the surface area of the inner membrane and are more densely packed in cells with high metabolic activity.

**False**

Which of the following is not a type of electron carrying molecule associated with the electron transport chain?

Ubiquinone, Cytochrome, Fe-S proteins, Flavoproteins

Which of the following enzymes plays a dual role in cells by transferring electrons from the citric acid cycle directly to the electron transfer chain?

**Succinate dehydrogenase**

Electrons are transferred through the respiratory chain from reduced NADH or FADH2 to oxygen in small steps with each step in the pathway associated with a slightly more ________ reduction potential.

**Positive**

Which of the following is not true of the proton motive force (pmf)?

Generation of the pmf in mitochondria requires succinate.

During oxidative phosphorylation, the proton motive force that is generated by electron transport is used to:

**Induce a conformational change in ATP Synthase**

T/F The ATP yield from NADH transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane by the glycerol phosphate shuttle is the same as if the malate/aspartate shuttle were used.

False

T/F Humans can convert fatty acids to sugars

False

An enzyme used in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is

**3-phosphoglycerate kinase**

All of the following are true regarding fructose 2,6 bisphosphate except:

it is a negative allosteric regulator PFK-1

The two primary products of the pentose phosphate pathway are

**NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate**

The major product from the action of glycogen phosphorylase and the debranching enzyme is ________.

**Glucose-1-phosphate**

Glycogenin:

**is the protein on which new glycogen chains are initiated.**

Which of the following hormones stimulates glycogen breakdown in the hepatocytes?

**Epinephrine and glucagon**

T/F Glucose yields a good amount of energy upon reduction

False

Which of the following is not a use of Glucose

all of the above are fates of glucose

**Under normal conditions, Glucose is the sole energy source for:**

**CNS and erythrocytes only**

Which of the following reactions in glycolysis requires ATP as substrate?

**Hexokinase**

**The step that commits glucose to glycolysis is:**

**Phosphofructokinase-1**

**The steps of glycolysis between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate involve all of the following except:**

**oxidation of NADH to NAD+.**

t/F **Fermentation regenerates NADH for further glycolysis under anaerobic conditions**

True

**How are glycolysis, ethanol fermentation, and lactate fermentation all related?**

**All can proceed in the absence of oxygen.**

**Fructose in the diet or fructose from sucrose in the diet can be a source of calories for fat synthesis in the liver because:**

**Fructose enters glycolysis after the primary regulation point, PFK-1**

**Glycerol from hydrolysis of triacylglycerols enters glycolysis at:**

**Dihydroxyacetone phosphate.**

The 3 aromatic amino acids are

phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan

an example of an amino acid that has undergone post-translational modification (PTM)

4-hydroxyproline

Which of the following is the true about isoelectric point of ionizable tetrapeptide

the total net charge is zero

all amino acids have a chiral alpha carbon except

Glycine

The peptide bond has partial ? character

double bond

Where Ca is the alpha carbon, N represents the amide nitrogen and Co is the carbonyl carbon of amino acid a peptide, the peptide backbone of a protein consists of a repeated sequence

\--N--Ca--Co--

the 3-D structure of a protein is determined primairly by

the sequence of amino acid in the protein

all of the following are considered “weak” interaction in protein except

peptide

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a protein overall conformation

achieved by breaking and reforming covalent bond