history first semester exam

Taylor 1st semester exam

middle class

Which social class emerged during the Industrial Revolution?

England

In what country did the Industrial Revolution begin?

seed drill

What did Jethro Tull invent to help farmers?

cotton gin

what did Eli Whitney invent?

The "Rocket"

locomotive built by Robert and George Stephenson

roads

What did John McAdam help modernize?

What was invented by Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison?

telephone and light bulb

What 2 new methods were introduced during the Agricultural Revolution?

Enclosures and crop rotaion

electricity, chemicals, petroleum, and steel

What products did the 2nd Industrial Revolution bring about?

The Clermont

steamboat designed by Robert Fulton

impressionism

art style that exhibited light brushstrokes, accurate depiction of light, \n ordinary subject matter, and movement

romanticism

this art style was an intellectual movement that emphasized feelings, \n emotion, individualism,

Realism

this art style tried to show life as it was, not as it should be

vernacular

language spoken in a person's native region or area

humanism

Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts \n and focused on human potential and achievements

indulgence

released a person from punishment due to sin

reformation

a movement for religious reform

Renaissance

rebirth

Who wrote The Prince?

Niccolo Machiavelli

Who established the Church of England to get a divorce?

King Henry VIII

What did Tetzel sell?

indulgences

Who was Elizabeth I known as?

Virgin Queen, never married or had kids

What did Ferdinand Magellan discover?

strait of Magellan while "circling" around the world; died in the Philippines

What country was named after Vespucci?

america

Huguenots

French protestants

Divine Right

belief monarchs are God's representative on earth and are therefore answerable only to God

absolute monarchy

king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society

sun king

Louis XIV

Oliver Cromwell

abolished the England monarchy and ruled as a military dictator

Cortes

defeated the Aztec empire

Pizarro

defeated the Incan Empire

Heliocentric Theory

idea that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun

Scientific Method

logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses

Social contract

agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government

Natural rights

life, liberty and property

Enlightened despot

one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects

Third Estate

made up of the bourgeoisie, servants, and peasants

When was Napoleon exiled for the 2nd time?

After Battle of Waterloo

Which estate paid zero taxes?

the second estate

Storming of the Bastille

symbolic act of revolution for the French people

Goals of the Congress of Vienna?

restoring a balance of power in Europe

Who were king and queen before and during the French revolution?

Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette

Estates General

meeting of representatives from each estate

Which country led the cause for German unification?

Prussia

Conservatism

political-ism that favored tradition and social stability, obedience to \n political authority; organized religion was crucial to order in society; hated revolutions, \n and unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted individual rights or \n representative governments

Liberalism

this political-ism believed people should be as free as possible from \n government restraint, have basic rights for all (equality, freedom of speech, assembly, \n and press), religious toleration (separation of church and state), the right of peaceful \n opposition to the government. The laws should be made by a representative assembly \n elected by qualified voters (men of property) and the government ruled by a constitution

Nationalism

this political-ism began from people's awareness of being party of a \n community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs; a community \n called a nation, each nationality should have its own government

Camillo Cavour

named Prime Minister of Italy and started wars to gain independence for Italian lands

Who staged a coup d'etat?

Napoleon

Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory?

To finance his operation in Europe

Where was Napoleon exiled to?(Both times)

1st-Elba, 2nd-St.Helena

congress of Vienna

one goal was to restore a balance of power in Europe

Otto von Bismarck

led Prussia and was proclaimed Kaiser of the Second Reich

King Wilhelm I

appointed Otto von Bismark as Prime Minister and started wars to gain lands for the German state